摘要:

This paper examines how ideological assumptions about the meanings of naturally occurring social arguments lead to different outcomes for women and for men. Three main themes in the ideology of argument are outlined: as rational means of ascertaining the truth, as adversarial confrontation and as rhetoric. Gender roles provide society a way to deal with the conflict between argument and the ideology of affiliation. The division of labour assigns rational truth seeking to men and to women the task of nurturance: this has permitted men to take over argument in all its positive aspects and to attribute to women the negative aspects of argument as damaging confrontation or as unfair rhetoric.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1996.tb01093.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A representative sample of British viewers answered questions before and after the 1989 EC election. On both occasions they filled in a viewing diary yielding unobtrusive measures of amounts of viewing in each of several programme genres including news and current affairs. In the first wave they gave opinions on integration among EC nations, on another measure of (perceived) amount of viewing of television election coverage (and of reading newspaper coverage) and an indication of knowledge. In the second wave they reported whether they had voted and gave opinions on television coverage of the election. Analysis across waves found no independent relationships between amount of news and current affairs viewed in the pre‐election week and reported voting. This behaviour was, however, independently determined by knowledge, which was in turn significantly linked with the amount of coverage viewed. Voting was also related with a measure of the desirability of television coverage of pan‐European activities. Two other attitude clusters covering support for more explicitly political and economic aspects of integration were not independently connected with voting turn

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1996.tb01094.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A central theme in both medical sociology and health psychology is how people make sense of their symptoms. Both literatures, despite their stress on different aspects of the health evaluation process, see illness in terms of matching present symptoms to an underlying understanding of illness. In this paper we argue that such accounts have difficulty in explaining the impact of contextual factors on how symptoms are evaluated. We therefore propose a model based on self‐categorization theory (Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher&Wetherell, 1987). It is proposed that symptoms are evaluated, not against pre‐existing illness representations, but by reference to their impact on situationally salient identities. In support of this an experiment is described which involves students who are training to be physical education (PE) teachers. They are defined either in terms of a ‘PE student’ identity or in terms of a ‘gender’ identity and asked to evaluate a number of scenarios which describe different illnesses and injuries. Overall, the results provide clear evidence that the significance ascribed to scenarios depends on which identity is salient and hence indicate the viability of a self‐categorization theory approach to sympt

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1996.tb01095.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In Fishbein&Ajzen's theory of reasoned action, behaviour is predicted by the behavioural intention, which in turn is determined by a personal attitudinal and a social normative factor. These variables are usually measured with respect to the behaviour of interest, ignoring the choice process between behavioural alternatives that precedes the performance of behaviour. Several methods that take account of this choice process are discussed and empirically compared. It is shown that a direct comparison of behavioural alternatives can be made and that such a method is preferable to both the usually applied method and an indirect comparison of behavioural alternatives. It improves the predictive value of the model of reasoned action, is efficient in the number of items administered to subjects and allows for analysis on an interval level.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1996.tb01096.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

To investigate the relationship between face and equivocation in political interviews, a new typology of questions was devised, based on their face‐threatening properties. This typology was applied to the analysis of 18 interviews with the leaders of the three main political parties in the 1992 British General Election. Nineteen different subcategories were distinguished, grouped into three superordinate categories of face which politicians must defend—their own personal face, the face of the party which they represent and face in relation to supporting or not supporting significant others. On the basis of this analysis, a new model of question‐response sequences in political interviews was proposed, the main tenet of which is that face is the most important factor in determining whether or not a politician replies to a question. This model provides both a means of predicting the direction of politicians' responses to questions, and a framework for future studies evaluating the performance of both politicians and political intervi

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1996.tb01097.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

LISREL analyses with manifest variables were used to examine the causal relationship between mental health and adequacy of social integration and of attachment, measured at four consecutive waves each four months apart, in a representative sample of 225 adult residents in Canberra. Mental health was assessed with the 30‐item General Health Questionnaire. The analyses suggest that while there is no temporal relationship between adequacy of attachment and mental health, adequacy of social integration is influenced by earlier mental health. The temporal relationship between adequacy of attachment and adequacy of social integration appears to be reciproca

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1996.tb01098.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper presents an analysis of an anti‐abortionist's speech to a medical audience. It is shown that central to the speech is the way in which the speaker defines the context of the abortion debate and hence the categories of people involved. In particular, the speaker construes himself as a member of a common in‐group with his audience, construes the entire audience as part of an anti‐abortion category and claims that abortion is in contradiction with the defining features of the audience's medical identity on a series of levels. This analysis is used to make two suggestions. Firstly, following self‐categorization theory, that the ways in which self‐categories are defined may be central to the process of mass social influence. Secondly, however, self‐categories may not be specified by intra‐psychic processes but rather are discursively constructed and argued over. The implications of such a position for future research on self‐categorization and category salienc

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1996.tb01099.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It is argued that the aspects of intergroup relations that potentially can arouse emotions in the perceiver are likely to become central and motivationally relevant elements of group stereotypes. Asking participants to report on the perceived antecedents of their emotional reactions to in‐group and out‐group members should therefore be an especially useful method to reveal the content of stereotypes. Native Dutch participants reported both the frequencies with which different emotions were felt in different intergroup relations and the perceived causes of these emotions. Analysis of self‐reported antecedents of emotional reactions revealed that (a) despite a general in‐group favour‐ability bias, both the in‐group and the two out‐groups employed arouse different kinds of negative and positive emotions; and (b) differences in emotional reactions to the two out‐groups are related to salient differences in perceived antecedents between these groups. Theoretical and practical implications of the present emphasis on the cognitive foundation of emotion in intergroup relation

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1996.tb01100.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY