摘要:

Two studies examined the organization and processing of consensually defined ethnic/national stereotypes as a function of group membership. A first study examined the responses and reaction times of 91 subjects to attributes associated with an in‐group label (English Canadian) and two out‐group labels (French Canadian and American). A second study examined the responses of 40 Canadian and 40 Chinese subjects to five group labels: Canadian, Chinese, American, Filipino and Mexican. In terms of stereotype organization it was found that stereotyping was evidenced only for groups that are meaningful in the social milieu. Furthermore, in‐group stereotyping was found to be more evaluative in nature than out‐group stereotyping, and in‐group stereotyping was associated with a more favourable in‐group attitude. These findings indicate that in‐group stereotyping represents a mechanism for asserting positive in‐group distinctiveness. In terms of processing ethnic labels, it was found that stereotypes serve a categorization function in that stereotypic attributes were processed more rapidly than non‐stereotypic attributes. In addition, it was found that processing attributes associated with in‐group labels generally took longer than processing attributes associated with out‐group labels. This latter effect was moderated in certain cases by the stereotypicality of the attributes but not by

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1989.tb00872.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1989.tb00873.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The factor structure of an intragroup identification scale was examined. Subjects participating in small groups worked on a decision‐making task, completed the identification measure and made in‐group and out‐group evaluations. Three factors reflecting emotional, cognitive and individual/group interdependence aspects of identification accounted for 70.5 percent of the scale's total variance. Based upon these results, the identification scale was decomposed into three subscales. Correlations between subscale scores and differentiation were positive, but small in magnitude (range 0.23–0.28). In contrast, subscale scores were more strongly associated with the in‐group aspect of differentiation (rs from 0.37 to 0.62). Implications of the findings for social identity theory are discussed along with the value of multicomponent conceptualizations and meth

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1989.tb00874.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The study reported here was a conceptual replication of Bodenhausen&Wyer (1985) using different stereotypical categories and improved dependent measures. It considered the effects of stereotypes on (a) causal judgements concerning a criminal trangression, (b) sanctioning judgements and (c) recall of the incident details. A generally similar pattern of results to Bodenhausen&Wyer was obtained with behaviours typical of a given occupation being attributed internally and preferentially recalled.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1989.tb00875.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two studies are reported which investigate the relationship between sex‐role orientation and memory for gender‐related terms. Based on the concept of ‘cognitive schema’, theoretical models have recently been advanced suggesting that the schematic cognitive representation of gender facilitates the recall of words pertinent to gender. One of these models, Markus' self‐schema theory, proposes that masculine and feminine sex‐typed individuals have a better memory for terms that correspond to their respective self‐schemata. In contrast, Bem's gender schema theory implies that sex‐typed individuals have a better memory for the category of gender as a whole, i.e. for both masculine and feminine terms. Starting from previous findings by Markus and colleagues in support of the self‐schema theory, the present studies derived competing sets of hypotheses from the two models and examined the effect of sex‐role orientation on accuracy of recall for masculine, feminine and gender‐neutral terms. Neither of the models received support in the two studies. The implications of the findings for the relationship between sex‐role orientation a

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1989.tb00876.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Single actions, taken out of context, typically have numerous meanings. Yet, when we observe such actions as part of a sequence of behaviour, we are often unaware of this multiplicity of possible meanings. In this article, we argue that the specific meaning of an action is the result of a process in which people, by making appropriate inferences, relate the actions in a sequence to each other and construct a coherent scenario from them. One implication of this position is that the meaning of actions should be extremely sensitive to the order in which they occur, since order affects which knowledge structures are currently active and is an important clue to the causal and means‐end relations among actions. In fact, meaning should be so sensitive to order that it should be possible to construct sets of actions, such that merely by changing the order, the same set of actions could have two radically different meanings. Five sets of such actions were designed. Subjects read one of the two orders for each set of actions and then answered a number of open‐ended questions about them. Subjects receiving different orders identified different causes and reasons for the actions, made different predictions about what would happen next, and came to different conclusions about the identities of actors and objects in the sequences, thus indicating that they had constructed very different meanings for the same acti

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1989.tb00877.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1989.tb00878.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This experiment examined children's reactions to a transgression in which one child's property was damaged by another who (a) had a reputation as a good or bad child, (b) apologized or did not, and (c) later expressed remorse when talking about the incident or was happy and unremorseful. As expected, actors who had a good reputation or were remorseful were seen as more likable, as having better motives, as doing the damage unintentionally, as more sorry and as less blameworthy. Further, actors who were good and remorseful were punished least, suggesting that punishment was applied in a rehabilitative fashion. The actor's reputation determined how his or her actions were interpreted: bad actors were seen as more worried about punishment when they expressed remorse and older children thought they apologized merely to avoid punishment. Interestingly, apologies were effective in reducing punishment and making the actor seem more likable, and this was true irrespective of the other factors. The apology‐forgiveness script may be such an ingrained aspect of social life that its appearance automatically improves the actor's position. The reactions of second and fifth graders were generally similar, although the younger children displayed less coherent relationships between judgement

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1989.tb00879.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article attempts a critical review of the literature on self‐reported just world beliefs a decade after the last major review. The main focus of the review is on the relationship between questionnaire‐derived beliefs in a just world and other psychological and demographic variables. Numerous correlates of the Rubin&Peplau (1973, 1975) scale to measure just world beliefts are documented and evaluated. Particular criticism is aimed at the multidimensional nature of the concept of a just world. Furthermore, it is suggested that three worlds exist — just, unjust and random — that are orthogonal. Suggestions are made about the development of an improved self‐report measure and the direction of research into the aetiology of a belief in a just world in an individual as well as in different

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1989.tb00880.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY