摘要:

This study investigates the effects of observer presence on recognition memory. The number of learning repetitions, the degree of association of category‐instance word pairs, and the time interval between acquisition and testing were manipulated. While the basic recognition data conformed well to previous findings in the learning and memory literature, predictions derived from the drive theory of social facilitation found little support. Instead, study results seem best explained by descriptions of the cognitive processes employed by subjects both during the initial acquisition and later recognition of the category‐instance pa

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00900.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper attempts to forge links between two recent approaches in social cognition research: Moscovici's theory of social representations and social schema theory. These two theories or concepts converge in that both schemata and representations are conceptualized as existing knowledge structures which guide and facilitate the processing of social information by the use of cognitive short‐cuts or heuristics. Furthermore, both schemata and representations are viewed as memory traces with an internal organizational structure, and both are viewed not only as cognitive structures but also as evaluative and affective structures. However, the two theories diverge importantly on the social dimension. Social representations theory views these structures as being collectively shared, as originating and developing via social interaction and communication, and as being autonomous entities with an independent life force once created. In Doise's terms, social representations theory attempts to understand individual social psychological functioning by making links with societal and collective processes. By contrast, social schema theory is essentially an information‐processing model studied predominantly within an individualistic framework. The two theories, therefore, are articulated at different levels of explanation. Whilst it may not be possible to integrate fully the two theories, it is at least desirable for an articulation between these two levels of explanation for what are, essentially, similar social cognitive phenom

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00901.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

According to social identity theory, striving of group members for enhancement of their social identity may be resolved through individual mobility (i.e. by dissociation from one's own group in order to gain membership of a higher status group), or by social change (i.e. by upgrading the status position of the in‐group as a whole). Individual mobility may only be achieved when group boundaries arepermeable; social change is only feasible when group status isunstable. This study investigates how these structural characteristics of the intergroup situation affect group members' preference for the individual mobility or social change strategy. In a laboratory setting subjects were given bogus feedback to induce differential levels of individual ability and group status. Additionally, the permeability of group boundaries and the stability of group status were manipulated. The main results are that, generally, members of high status groups show more satisfaction and in‐group identification than members of low status groups. Permeable group boundaries apparently induce a tendency to strive for individual mobility, regardless of the in‐group's status position. In relation to members of impermeable groups, members of groups with permeable boundaries show decreased in‐group identification; there is evidence of (anticipatory) identification with the higher status group instead. A collective attempt at social change seems to be evoked when group status is unstable. In all groups with unstable status, members indicate their readiness to try to improve their group's status position. Moreover, members of low status groups with unstable status positions show relatively strong in‐group identification, despite the lack of positive distinctiveness available to the in‐group

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00902.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We examined the perception of envy using an approach patterned after Thibaut&Kelley's (1959) analysis of outcome evaluations. Subjects read scenarios about a hypothetical target person who had experienced an apparent setback. The target person was described as either satisfied or dissatisfied with this outcome by virtue of it either matching or falling short of expectations (comparison level). In addition, the target person was shown to have either enjoyed a recent success or to have suffered a recent failure in an alternative domain. Finally, the target person encountered a comparison person who had either suffered a similar setback or who had experienced a success in the same domain. Subjects rated how envious they would feel if, hypothetically, they were the target person depicted in the story. As predicted, subjects gave more intense ratings of envy in reaction to the advantaged comparison person when the target person was dissatisfied (outcomes below comparison level) compared to when the target person was satisfied (outcomes matching comparison level). Furthermore, subjects expressed more envy when the target person had experienced a failure in an alternative domain compared to when the target person had experienced a success in an alternative domain. Some theoretical implications of the results are discussed.No doubt there are few positions in life that do not throw together some persons who are there by virtue of failure and other persons who are there by virtue of success. In this sense, the dead are sorted but not segregated, and continue to walk among the living. (Goffman, 1952, p. 463)

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00903.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study investigated the relationship of social and mode values (Braithwaite&Law, 1985) to lay suggestions for reducing unemployment. Respondents were 256 adult Australians (134 females, 122 males). As predicted, suggestions for reducing unemployment were found to range from punitive to ‘tender‐minded’ and were differentially related to human values. Punitive suggestions were significantly related to values such as national strength and order, traditional religiosity, competence and effectiveness, getting ahead, propriety in dress and manners and religious commitment. Suggestions involving increased government spending were significantly related to international harmony and equality. Some demographic correlates of these suggestions were also noted. The findings are discussed with reference to previous work (Eysenck&Wilson, 1978; Feather, 1982, 1984; Wilson, 1973), whilst suggestions for future research are

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00904.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper examines how the conceptual and psychometric limitations of gender role attribute questionnaires weaken Archer's (1989) contention that correlational analyses demonstrate the orthogonality of gender role attributes, attitudes, and behaviours. An examination of two popular attribute questionnaires (the PAQ and the BSRI) shows that masculinity and femininity are conceptually and operationally defined as instrumentality and expressivity, respectively. This restricted definition means that, although the PAQ and the BSRI may themselves show no association with gender‐related attitudes or behaviour, it is possible that there is such a relationship for attributes other than instrumentality and expressiveness. In addition, the multifactorial structure of the most popular trait questionnaire illustrates a serious psychometric limitation for gender role research, one which obscures further the interpretation of the relationship between the three gender role dimensions. Discussion centres on overcoming these limitations in order to address the multidimensionality of the gender role self‐conc

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00905.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

McCreary (1990) argued that the conclusions from a review of the associations between gender scale measures (Archer, 1989) were limited because: (1) in gender trait questionnaires (PAQ and BSRI), measures of masculinity and femininity are restricted to instrumental and expressive traits; (2) these scales are multifactorial in nature. In reply, I point out that: (1) neither the PAQ nor the BSRI were designed to measure only instrumental and expressive traits, but were based ongender‐stereotypictraits. The link with instrumental and expressive traits occurs because these traits are prescriptive for traditional gender roles. The more general point is that gender‐related traits are derived from gender‐related roles. (2) The BSRI, but not the PAQ, has been shown to be multifactorial, but most of the evidence in my review came from the PAQ. The limitations of, and alternatives to, gender role measures are also disc

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00906.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A reanalysis of the meta‐analytic database reported in Mullen&Hu (1988) revealed a strong effect of valence on social projection: overestimation of consensus decreased as a function of the valence, or the positivity, of the behaviour or choice. The previously demonstrated effect of actual consensus (overestimation of consensus decreasing as a function of actual consensus of the behaviour or choice) and this new effect of valence were shown to exert independent, additive effects on social projectio

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00907.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00908.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY