摘要:

The present study is an extension of the Dornbuschet al.(1965) model of research on perceiver effects vs. perceived characteristics in interpersonal judgement. To explore the effect of race similarity on within‐judge and between‐judge agreement on actor disposition, 20 black and 20 white student judges were randomly assigned to evaluate two distinctly different same race or dissimilar race actor characterizations under conditions of accountability and responsibility. Same and dissimilar race conditions were manipulated in the context of having judges rate mock videotaped interviews of two (same or dissimilar race) candidates applying to graduate school in psychology. As expected, same race judge and candidate conditions (e.g. white judges viewing white candidates) produced significantly higher between‐judge over within‐judge and chance agreement levels on perceived candidate dispositions. In contrast, dissimilar race conditions (e.g. white judges viewing black candidates) did not produce significant differences among the three agreement comparisons. Results were compared with previous studies that have obtained effects reflecting characteristics of the target (‘perceived’ effect) and suggest the need for more qualification under constrained conditions. The present findings suggest that both category‐based expectancies (i.e. personal stereotypes) and similarity effects may operate to produce the observed differences in agreement comparisons found between same and dissimilar race judge‐candi

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00740.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Videotaped standard content messages sent by married couples to one another with positive, neutral and negative affect were coded for the presence or absence of specific non‐verbal behaviours on the visual channel. Discriminant analyses were conducted to determine differences related to message type, sex of sender, and marital adjustment level. Results paralleled the findings of an earlier study examining the accuracy of decoding these messages. When sending positive messages, wives used more of the behaviours shown to be associated with positive messages (e.g. smiles), while husbands used similar behaviours (eyebrow raises and flashes) for both positive and negative messages. Thus, it is not surprising that it was particularly for positive messages that females showed the greater encoding skill. When differences by marital adjustment level were assessed for each sex, no differences were found for females on any of the message types. High marital adjustment husbands, however, smiled more on positive and neutral messages, while low marital adjustment husbands used more eyebrow flashes on positive messages. When sending positive messages, high marital adjustment husbands, like wives, used more of the behaviours which discriminate positive messages. Finally, accurate encoders of both sexes were more likely to use the more non‐verbal behaviours associated with the particular message type they were sending than were poor encod

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00741.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Evidence converges from a wide range of contexts to suggest that the causal beliefs held by an individual, or predominant in a group of individuals, are of considerable practical significance and theoretical interest. A good system for analysing naturally occurring expressions of causal belief would provide the possibility of testing and exploring this supposition without having to rely on possibly artificial questionnaire responses. A rationale for such a system is described and a study of the reliability of the coding procedure is reported. It has proved possible to formulate definitions of the five major dimensions identified in the attribution literature so that, while they are not all orthogonal, each provides unique information. The coding system is shown to have adequate reliability, and to generate substantial quantities of data. The findings from these data are generally in accordance with those obtained using more traditional methodologies, and provide substantive information about the subject population. The method is proposed as an effective technique for empirical investigations of the forms, stability and significance of naturally expressed causal beliefs.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00742.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examined the consistency of Weiner's three‐dimensional attributional model using subjects who differed in situational variables (outcome, group vs. individual), psychological characteristics (perceived ability, expectations for success) and gender. A total of 138 subjects participating in competitive sport were asked to rate their own perceived ability and expectations for success prior to competition. Following competition, the subjects listed a maximum of three reasons for the outcome. A separate two‐way factorial analysis on each dimension and category revealed that in each grouping variable (gender, situational or psychological) perceived locus, stability and control were inconsistent. Results generally confirmed previous research which used the first attribution. However, the second and third attributions consistently changed, and in some cases were reversed. Further attributional research using more than the first attribution is recommen

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00743.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Based on their responses to the Survey of Opinions about Education, nine teachers were identified as having tenderminded attitudes and a further 10 as having toughminded attitudes. Their 469 pupils, the subjects, were given a three‐question sociometric questionnaire that measured out‐group choices on friendship and academic tasks. Pupils with language and skin colour differences were identified as minority group members. A two (tenderminded teacher or toughminded teacher) by two (younger children or older children) multivariate analysis of variance was applied to the students' out‐group choices. As predicted, students with tenderminded teachers made significantly more out‐group choices than those with toughminded teachers. However, the interaction between age of student and teacher attitudes was significant at the 0·001 level. Among pupils with tenderminded teachers, younger pupils made more out‐group choices than older pupils, but among students with toughminded teachers, older pupils made more out‐group choices than younger pupils. When interpreting students' ethnic preferences, their age and their teachers' attitudes to education need to be taken

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00744.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Parry (1983) presents a British version of the Attitudes towards Women Scale (Spenceet al., 1973) and reports data for middle‐class and working‐class women. In the study described here the AWS‐B was administered to four groups of males and females aged between 16 and 21 years. The groups comprised 39 male and 27 female trainee engineers, 59 females pursuing careers in traditional occupations and 14 secondary school girls following an engineering link course. No significant differences in overall attitude emerged between female groups, but males were significantly more traditional in their attitudes towards women compared with the females. On 16 of the 21 items in the scale women were significantly more liberal, with strong differences on items concerned with women's position in politics, business and industry. Men were significantly more liberal on one item concerned with women's freedom to propose marriage, and more liberal, but not significantly so, on a further four items. Further research is needed into the determinants and consequences of individuals' attitudes towards women, and the AWS‐B provides a valuable instrument for this

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00745.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00746.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A significant association was found between a participant's homophobia and the type of error he made in recalling who said what in a group discussion involving ostensible homosexuals and heterosexuals. This is interpreted as identifying an individual difference in stereotyped perception, and as extending, to an ‘invisible’ category, findings on the effects of cognitive categorization by race and

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00747.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Subjects watched a video‐recording of a police interrogation of a woman who alleged she had been raped. They were randomly divided into pairs. In the individual‐dyadic (ID) condition subjects first individually, and subsequently as a dyad, free‐recalled the interrogation, answered specific questions about it, and gave ratings of confidence. In the DI condition the order in which subjects undertook the tasks was reversed. Dyadic recall was no more complete when following than when preceding individual recall. Testimonial validity was, however, superior in the ID condition. Individual confidence, and not truth, was a better predictor of dyadic dec

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00748.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00749.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY