摘要:

This paper presents an investigation of the structure of word associations dependent on the context in which they are assessed. Respondents from Spain and Nicaragua produced free associations about war and peace. Word associations about each of the two stimulus words were produced either spontaneously or within the context of a distracting priming condition in contrast to the association task. The semantic space for each stimulus word (war, peace) is analysed to find substructures of words which remain stable across contexts. These substructures or stable cores are taken to indicate a well‐structured social representation as opposed to a loosely organized knowledge domain. Such cores were found for associations about war in both countries, but for peace in the Nicaraguan sample only. This finding is interpreted as a consequence of public discourse and symbolic coping with relevant or threatening objects or phenomena. Stable cores were found to consist primarily of ‘hot’ words, i.e. words which are proximal to an individual's experience. More intellectual and distant (‘cold’) words did not enter the stable core. Results are discussed in terms of the central core theory of social representations and of numerical consensus being an insufficient criterion for social repres

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1996.tb01101.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study investigated whether the use of ‘powerless' speech was affected by role status, speaker's gender and gender of another participant. Fifty‐two university lecturers and 156 students participated. Students were paired with a lecturer or student of the same or opposite sex. The findings placed a question mark over the link between powerless speech and individuals of low role status. Moreover, against hypothesis, speaker's gender and gender of partner did not affect the use of qualifiers or fillers, although they affected the use of tag questions and some types of hesitation. A qualitative analysis was also conducted which suggested that the powerless features were, in fact, multi‐functional with respect to power. In addition, the importance of a variety of interactional techniques, such as credibility techniques, in the creation or negotiation of relational power was documented. As a whole, these findings highlight problems with the concept of ‘powerless' speech, at least with respect to relationa

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1996.tb01102.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Since the advent of the ‘cognitive revolution’ in stereotyping research, interest in the consensual nature of stereotypes and its social psychological basis has declined dramatically. Reversing this trend, this paper examines the manner in which the strength of shared stereotypes and the links between particular content and particular groups are mediated by processes of social influence. Two experiments (Ns= 300, 230) are reported in which participants' pre‐existing stereotypes about Australians and Americans were confirmed or contradicted by either an in‐group or an out‐group source. As predicted, this social validation had powerful effects on the perceived applicability of content to groups (Expt 1) as well as stereotype consensus and favourableness (Expt 2). Stereotypes were typically bolstered when they were confirmed by an in‐group or contradicted by an out‐group, relative to conditions in which they were contradicted by an in‐group or confirmed by an out‐group. It is argued that the theoretical integration of principles from stereotyping and social influence research offers the potential for a fuller understanding of the inter‐subjective, group based properties of stereotypes an

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1996.tb01103.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Contemporary research in the social psychology of sport has used Nicholls' (1984, 1989) social cognitive theory of goal orientations and motivation in order to gain a better understanding of cognitive, affective and behavioural aspects of sport participation. Success can be defined in at least two different ways that lead to two major goal orientations (task/mastery and social comparison), but little is known about why or how such goals may develop, although preliminary research in education links goals to conceptions about the nature of academic ability (i.e. intelligence). Using a similar notion, we studied conceptions of athletic ability by assessing children's representations of sport ability. Two studies were conducted with children and youth in England and France. Initial findings suggested that the methods adopted by Dweck&Leggett (1988) in education, while showing some links between goals and beliefs, are not wholly applicable to sport. In using a more comprehensive measure of sport ability conceptions, we observed clear relationships between a social comparison goal and a conception of athletic ability as a ‘gift’ and being ‘general’, and between a task mastery goal and the conception of athletic ability as being incremental and determined by learning. We develop and discuss the meaning of the causal links that unite goals and ability conceptions, as well as the likely impact of such conceptions on mot

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1996.tb01104.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper argues that explanations do various things, and that the analyst would do well to look to the explainers themselves, and their audience, to identify just what those things are. As an illustration of the general principle, the paper describes explanations that need to be understood as arising from speakers' construction of each other as being accountable. ‘Explanation slots' can be set up for another speaker by various ways of signalling something problematic in what they do or say (or fail to do or say). Such slots can also be set up for oneself, in which case they serve as markers of one's own behaviour as non‐normative and requiring explanation. To show how this setting up and filling of explanation slots is deployed in the pursuit of local projects at short or long range, I apply the analysis to a sample interaction between a candidate and two interviewers. The promise of the conversation‐analytic approach taken here is that it liberates the researcher from reliance ona prioricategorizations of the content of explanations (for example, as causal attributions or self‐serving accounts), and looks instead to the practices of interactants themselves as the grounds for determining their meaning. Moreover, it integrates ‘explanations’ into the fabric of what is happening in the interaction, rather than treating them as free‐standing products of cognitive processing or psychodynam

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1996.tb01105.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A renewed interest in the concept of perceived ‘social distance’ has recently occurred in relation to intercultural perception. The research reported here examines the utility of the generalized grid technique in measuring intercultural distance in a sample of English adolescents. The methodology described offers some advantages in ease of administration and comprehension by participants and a form of analysis that allows for the representation and examination of patterns of response of numerous individuals collectiv

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1996.tb01106.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY