ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00643.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper outlines a five‐stage model of intergroup relations that attempts to specify the responses of disadvantaged and advantaged groups to inequality. It is proposed that at Stage 1 stratification is based solely on group membership resulting in a rigid dominant–subordinate relationship between groups. At Stage 2 stratification is believed to be based on individual achievement. At Stage 3 certain members of the disadvantaged group attempt to pass into the advantaged group. Stage 4 emerges as those who are unsuccessful in their attempt to pass engage in consciousness raising. Specifically, they attempt to persuade all members of the disadvantaged group that their status is collectively defined and illegitimate. At Stage 5 the disadvantaged group competes directly with the advantaged group. It is hypothesized that the basic processes of causal attribution and social comparison both underlie each stage and control the transition between the sta

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00644.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The theory of relative deprivation (RD) offers an instructive special case of Tajfel's CIC theory. Six focal issues characterize the current state of RD theory: (1) the egoistic–fraternalistic distinction, (2) measurement level, (3) the cognitive–affective distinction, (4) the absolute–relative distinction, (5) specification of the referent, and (6) specification of the compared dimensions. Each issue is discussed and possible resolutions sugg

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00645.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

While the importance of establishing connections between intergroup behaviour and gender has been recognized by sociologists and feminists, evidence suggests that social psychologists have been somewhat tardy in this respect. Social psychologists who take intergroup behaviour as their focus rarely include the relationship between the sexes within their frame of reference, and often assume that theories and research offer a satisfactory account of the behaviour of both women and men. Furthermore, psychologists whose interests lie in the social and personal implications of being born male or female typically attribute little importance to the fact that this defines membership of unequal social categories. Outlined here are a number of reasons for suggesting that these separate lines of inquiry are in need of integration, and the specific example of social identity theory (e.g. Tajfel, 1978) is used to give substance to this position.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00646.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper reviews the research which introduces the intergroup dimension into the study of social influence processes, those of minorities in particular. After discussing the complexity of the intergroup context that presides over the diffusion of an innovation, the authors propose that social influence, categorization and identification processes can be integrated into a conceptual framework. It is shown that dominated entities, be they minorities or simply out‐groups, possess an essential ability to induce and negotiate social conflict through their behavioural and negotiation styles despite their being discriminated against. It is also shown that the minority which is confronted with such discrimination exerts an influence that is often indirect and latent, in the form of a conversio

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00647.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In two experiments subjects were categorized into groups and made predictions about the beliefs of other in‐group or out‐group members. It was hypothesized that subjects would predict (a) greater homogeneity among out‐group members than among in‐group members, (b) greater similarity between themselves and in‐group members than out‐group members, and (c) greater similarity among in‐group members in the presence of an out‐group. In addition, assumptions of homogeneity and similarity were expected (d) to be strongest on items relevant to the categorization criterion and (e) to be accentuated over time. Results from the first study supported all but the final hypothesis. In a second study subjects were given base‐rate information about the beliefs of either in‐group or out‐group members and were asked to predict the responses of another in‐group or out‐group member. Subjects systematically biased their predictions so as to reduce differences between their own opinions and in‐group members' positions and to increase differences between their opinions and out‐group members' positions. In addition, in‐group members were expected to be more similar to the subjects when an out‐group was present than when no explicit out‐group existed. Finally, as in the first experiment, these biases of prediction were strongest for items relev

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00648.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Recent studies have found an attitudinal tendency for individuals to overconform to in‐group norms when the cognitive salience of their group membership is increased. The experiment described here investigated this effect in the context of anticipated intergroup interaction. Student subjects, selected to represent academic course groups, expected to debate social attitudes with members of a student out‐group or with other in‐group representatives. Subjects prepared for this debate individually by rehearsing relevant arguments or by engaging in intragroup discussion. Contrary to predictions derived from social identity theory, subjects forewarned of an intergroup debate moderated their positions on important in‐group attitudes. Attitude moderation was not supported by a cognitive reappraisal of relevant arguments. These findings suggest that the motive to present a favourable personal identity during intergroup interaction had a greater impact on expressed attitudes than subjects' social identity as representatives of a salient membershi

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00649.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The study described here uses the social identity framework suggested by Tajfel and Turner to argue that de‐individuation works by altering the salience of personal vs. social identity. Seventy students from science and 38 students from social science faculties were shown a film presenting arguments for and against vivisection, at the end of which they were told that science students had a pro‐ and social science students an anti‐vivisection norm. Subjects were then told that they were being examined either as members of their faculty group or as individual students. They were either de‐individuated or individuated. They were required to fill in an attitude questionnaire and to complete three quasi‐behavioural measures. It was predicted that the group condition should increase salience of social identity and adherence to the group norm. It was also predicted that de‐individuation in the group condition would further increase salience and hence normative behaviour, while in the individual condition de‐individuation would decrease salience and hence normative behaviour. The first prediction was upheld on all the measures, and the second was partia

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00650.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Intergroup perceptions of two groups of nurses in the Netherlands were investigated. The purpose of the study was to test the validity of two partly competing interpretations of intergroup perceptions, i.e. a straightforward application of social identity theory (SIT) and what we called the ‘strategic responses’ approach. The latter approach suggests that descriptions and evaluations of in‐group and out‐group characteristics are given from a strategic negotiation perspective, in which in‐group inputs are relatively accentuated while positive in‐group outcomes are de‐emphasized. With regard to outcomes (rewards and costs) the strategic responses predictions are opposite to those derived from SIT. From the results of the study it appears that predictions pertaining to descriptions and evaluations of input characteristics (practical skills, theoretical insight, interpersonal relations), which can be similarly derived from both approaches, were clearly supported. With regard to outcome characteristics, where the two approaches lead to opposite predictions, each approach turns out to have its own domain of validity. For instance, SIT explains intergroup perceptions of intrinsic rewards, while the strategic responses approach explains perceptions of career prospects and, to some extent, costs (like strain and stress, irregular working hours). In the Discussion it is suggested that SIT may be valid for outcomes which are inherently characteristic of the groups, whereas the strategic responses interpretation applies especially to outcomes which appear to be changeable and which are, therefore, subject t

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00651.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Within the framework of social identity theory (SIT) a field experiment was conducted to test the impact of comparison importance for in‐group as well as for out‐group favouritism. It was predicted that (a) in‐group favouritism would be stronger on dimensions important for the in‐group irrespective of out‐group importance and that (b) out‐group favouritism would be possible on those dimensions important for the out‐group which at the same time are unimportant for the in‐group. Results of a 2 (high vs. low in‐group importance) x 2 (high vs. low out‐group importance) x 2 (social group ‘GRÜNE’/‘SPD’) ANOVA support the assumption in principle. The expected effect of in‐group importance on in‐group favouritism is mitigated by out‐group importance. In addition, interaction effects of ‘social groups’ with each of the other two factors on in‐group favouritism point to the relevance of type of intergroup relatio

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00652.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY