摘要:

The research on memory for schema‐relevant information has produced sharply contradictory results. Some studies demonstrate memory selectivity for schema‐consistent information, others demonstrate memory selectivity for schema‐inconsistent information. Meta‐analytic procedures are applied to a sample of 60 independent studies with 165 comparative tests. The overall result shows a slight overall memory advantage for schema‐inconsistentinformation. As the effect sizes are highly heterogeneous, it was hypothesized that schema‐based processing is moderated by an array of variables. In large part the direction of the effect is dependent on the memory measure used. Both recognition tests corrected for guessing and recall tests reveal consistently better memory for schema‐inconsistent information. But recognition tests uncorrected for guessing consistently uncover better memory for schema‐consistent information. In addition, several moderators derived from Wyer&Srull's (1989) Associative Network model of person memory influence the amount of inconsistent information recalled. Processing demands, length of exposure to inconsistent information, delay between presentation of the stimulus and the memory test, proportion of inconsistent items, order of schema‐presentation, degree of inconsistency and importance of categories to subjects all had significant impacts on inconsistency resolution. Most of these moderator effects support the Wyer‐Srull model; but several of its contentions are called into question. In particular, inconsistency resolution emerges as a more robust consequence than schema‐bolstering of longer stimulus exposure and delays between exposure and memory test. The results are compared with a similar meta‐analysis, then discussed in relation to the possibilitie

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1992.tb00958.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In individualistic English‐speaking cultures such as Australia, the United Kingdom, or the United States, attitudes and behaviours are often believed to be consistent. By contrast, in the Japanese culture, people may be primarily conceptualized as embedded within social contexts; the belief in consistency between attitudes and behaviour (the ABC belief) may be less strong and behaviours seen to be less consistent with attitudes. In this paper, we report two studies designed to examine the hypothesis that the strength of ABC beliefs underlies inferences in attributions of behaviour to attitudes. In Study 1, the relation of ABC beliefs to attitude attributions was examined in a sample of Australian undergraduate students. In Study 2, ABC beliefs and attitude attributions were compared in Australia and in Japan. As predicted, the ABC beliefs of Australians were related to the extremity of attributions for unconstrained behaviours and the Australians had stronger ABC beliefs than the Japanese. The results are discussed in relation to global cultural dimensions of individualism and collectivis

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1992.tb00959.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Hypotheses about deservingness and affect were tested in the context of an achievement situation in two studies that involved either a success outcome or a failure outcome. The degree to which a person deserved the outcome and affective reactions relating to the outcome were assumed to be related to attributions of responsibility for the outcome and also to whether positively (or negatively) valued behaviours led to positively (or negatively) valued outcomes. The two studies involved a total of 689 high school students, each of whom responded to a hypothetical scenario that contained information about the causes of a stimulus person's initial achievement status, whether the stimulus person was usually a high or average performer, and whether the stimulus person maintained performance or obtained a very low grade in a final important examination. The results were consistent with hypotheses and they provided new information supporting an attributional and value interpretation of deservingness and affect.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1992.tb00960.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A longitudinal study investigated the extent to which children's exposure to aggressive and prosocial television models in drama programmes influences their aggressive and prosocial behaviour. In The Netherlands we did not find significant positive correlations between prosocial behaviour and the viewing of prosocial behaviour on television. Positive correlations were found, however, between aggression and television violence viewing. This relationship disappeared almost completely when corrections for the starting level of aggression and intelligence were applied. The hypothesis, formulated on the basis of social learning theory, that television violence viewing leads to aggressive behaviour could not be supported. Our findings are further discussed and compared with the results found in the other countries participating in the international study.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1992.tb00961.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1992.tb00962.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY