摘要:

A number of studies point to the efficiency with which people process self‐relevant trait information. The derivative models of self‐cognition account for many judgement latency and memory effects. These models tend to limit themselves, however, by neglecting the cognitive representation of the traits themselves. In contrast, research on implicit personality theory has focused on the cognitive representation of trait information, but has not always addressed the relationship between self and the judged traits. These two research domains were linked in an effort to specify the cognitive representation of self. A method for locating individuals and traits within the same spatial representation was developed and validated in two studies. In Study 1, subjects exhibited superior recall for traits located closest to self. In Study 2, subjects rapidly selected which of two traits better or least described self. ‘Better’ judgements were faster with increasing closeness to self of selected traits whereas ‘least’ judgements were faster with increasing closeness to self of non‐selected traits, supporting the view of self as a fixed anchor in self‐relevant decision making. Taken as a whole, these two studies provided further evidence for the self as an evaluative organizati

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1991.tb00928.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A meta‐analysis of 65 hypothesis tests in 14 published studies of asymmetry in the facial expression of emotion is reported. The analysis examines which side of the face has been found more strongly to express emotion as well as the effects of three moderator variables: (i) the type of expression; (ii) the method of eliciting the expression (posed or spontaneous); and (iii) dimensions of emotional experience. The analysis reveals a highly significant but small effect for the left side of the face to be judged more expressive than the right. Additionally it reveals that asymmetry is (a) stronger for emotional than neutral expressions, (b) stronger for posed emotional expressions compared with spontaneous emotional expressions and (c) predicted by some dimensions of emotional experience, notably pleasantness. The results highlight theoretical and methodological issues in asymmetry of facial emotional expressio

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1991.tb00929.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It was hypothesized that the perceived social category membership of others becomes salient as a description and explanation of their behaviour where their attitudes ‘fit’ the social categorization. Fit is defined as the degree to which the attributes of others are perceived to correlate with group membership in a normatively consistent direction. In Expt 1 subjects viewed tape—slide presentations of six‐person groups where gender composition (‘solo’ or ‘collective’) and the pattern of agreement (‘deviance’ or ‘conflict’) were manipulated in a 2 × 2 design to produce a correlation between gender and attitudes in the solo/deviance and collective/conflict conditions. In Expt 2, subjects viewed videos of a group of three arts and three science students in which the normative consistency of an arts target person (‘consistent’ or ‘inconsistent’) and the pattern of agreement (‘consensus' or ‘conflict’ or ‘deviance’) were manipulated in a 2 × 3 design to produce a normative correlation between faculty membership and attitudes in the consistent/conflict condition. Salience was measured by stereotyping in terms of, and attributions to, social category memberships. The results of both experimen

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1991.tb00930.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article examines how reward allocation behaviour is influenced by culture (Chinese vs. American), personality differences (psychological individualism vs. collectivism), social relationships (allocation to one's friend vs. colleague at work), and availability of resources (limited vs. unlimited). Subjects made monetary allocation to themselves and to a partner in a hypothetical situation. Two kinds of deviation from proportional allocation were distinguished. They were egalitarianism and generosity. Results showed that subjects tended to be more egalitarian in their allocation when their contribution had been high. As a group, Chinese subjects were more generous (using an allocation rule that was to the partner's advantage) than American subjects, especially when dealing with friends. Furthermore, when there was no limit on the amount of reward to be distributed, Chinese subjects were more egalitarian than the Americans. Finally, the Chinese subjects' egalitarian tendency away from proportional distribution of rewards was curtailed when collectivism was statistically controlled. However, the same statistical procedure did not reduce their tendency toward generosity. The role of collectivism as an explanation for cross‐cultural differences in reward allocation is discusse

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1991.tb00931.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1991.tb00932.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study hypothesized that closeness of peer group relationships would be a critical factor in determining peer influence on substance use. The hypothesis was examined in a panel study of the effects of peer approval and behaviour on cigarette smoking, drinking and other drug use among Irish adolescents. In support of the closeness hypothesis, the influences relating to peers identified by respondents as ‘friends' were better predictors of drug use than were the corresponding factors relating to same‐aged peers, while the person identified as the ‘best friend’ seemed uniquely influential. Furthermore, there were important differences associated with maintenance of drug use as opposed to initiation, both as regards the type of friends and the mediating factors that were important. In particular, it emerged that several good friends were influential (by means of example and approval) ininitiation, while the best friend had a critical role in themaintenanceof d

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1991.tb00933.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Shoppers were approached either by an ostensibly pro‐gay person, wearing a tee‐shirt bearing a pro‐gay slogan, or by a person wearing an unmarked tee‐shirt, asking for change of a pound. Help was less likely to be given to the ostensibly pro‐gay person. This effect was not attenuated when the request was justified by a socially acceptable reason for needing change (although, overall, help was more likely to be given when requests were so justified). There were no effects of the sex of the subject or the sex of the person asking for change; nor were there any interactions involving those variables. The results suggest that the negativeattitudestowards homosexuals reported in other studies have clearbehaviouralcorrelates and that ‘homophobia’ may be widespread in the gener

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1991.tb00934.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We examined a theoretical view suggesting that consensus estimates for a preferred position are influenced by the availability of alternative positions. Study 1 manipulated the number of personal activities presented to subjects, requested them to select one as their choice and to make a peer group consensus estimate for it. As the number of alternative activities increased, consensus estimates for one's choice decreased. In Study 2, consensus estimates for one's choice were higher for those requested to focus their attention on their chosen activity and imagine themselves performing it than for those requested to focus on a non‐preferred alternative. Different theoretical views are briefly discusse

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1991.tb00935.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A commentary is offered on studies intended to assess gender schema theories, the self‐schema theory of Markuset al.and the gender schema theory of Be***m. It is argued that it is necessary to distinguish between methodology which demonstrates: (1) priming effects; (2) self‐schemata, which are not necessarily gender related; and (3) gender schemata. Most studies using the third method have found negative results. It is also argued that the use of categorical classifications in self‐ and gender schema research leads to arbitrarily constituted small groups, and a loss of information. Specific recommendations for multivariate alternatives are of

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1991.tb00936.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Social Psychophysiology and Emotion: Theory and Clinical Applications.Edited byHugh L. WagnerHandbook of Social Psychophysiology.Edited byHugh Wagner&Antony Manstead

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1991.tb00937.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY