摘要:

This paper critically examines Moscovici's theory of social representations. Four related difficulties are identified and illustrated drawing upon studies by Herzlich (1973), Di Giacomo (1980) and Hewstoneet al.(1982). First, it is argued that the treatment of representations as coextensive with social groups is potentially circular and, second, that the broad notion of consensus across representations fails to distinguish important differences between levels (‘use/mention’, ‘theory/practice’). In addition it is claimed that not enough attention is paid to the relationship between social representations and specific contexts of use, and to the constitution of social representations in language. In response to these problems it is suggested that social representations be considered as ‘linguistic rep

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1985.tb00664.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1985.tb00665.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1985.tb00666.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1985.tb00667.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1985.tb00668.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Television has earned considerable public and academic criticism in recent years for the alleged bias in its sex‐role content. A fundamental concern of many critics is with the representation of male and female roles that confronts children. This paper reviews the evidence accumulating from numerous content analyses of both adult and children's television. Overall, the evidence confirms that there are marked differences in the ways the medium presents the sexes. These differences are both quantitative and qualitative but the general pattern at either level is to present males as dominant and females as nurturant and complementary. Some qualifications, exceptions and gaps in the literature are discussed. The paper is the first of a three‐part review series of television and sex‐role acquisition: the subsequent papers will review respectively theeffectsof sex‐stereotyped TV content upon children and the prospects forcounter‐stereotypedprogrammes aiming to modify young viewers' beliefs and

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1985.tb00669.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In two experiments subjects viewed versions of Heider&Simmel's (1944) cartoon film in which two triangles and a circle move in and round a diagram of a house. The film was shown in stages. After each stage subjects wrote accounts of what had happened and what they thought might happen next. Accounts were analysed by assigning each verb phrase to one of four categories ranging from impersonal description of movement, to personal description of human emotion and dramatic interaction. Subjects used progressively more personal descriptions as the film proceeded, implying assimilation of events of the film by social schemata. In a second experiment, giving the film the title of ‘The jealous lover’ encouraged earlier use of verbs in the more personal categories. Summaries written after the stage‐by‐stage accounts showed elaboration on the original perc

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1985.tb00670.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three groups of 60 subjects, divided by age and sex, completed scales for rating the applicability of rules to 22 different relationships; 33 rules were used for all relationships together with a number of relation‐specific rules. It was predicted that there would be universal rules applying to all relationships. Three of the 33 potentially universal rules were universal, or nearly so, while five more applied to half or more of the 22 relationships. These were less about the exchange of rewards than about regulating privacy, sex, public conduct and keeping confidences. The prediction that relationships would fall into intimate and non‐intimate clusters was confirmed. The reverse of the same rules, or quite different rules, applied to the two clusters.Intimate relationships had more rules, including more of the rules common to many relationships, and rules about social and emotional exchange. Non‐intimate relations had rules that keep people at a distance. Particular relationships had rules that enable people to avoid sources of conflict unique to those relationships, e.g. the proscription of sex between kin, rules about the conduct of business in work relationships.It was concluded that rules function to maintain interaction so that goals can be achieved—by coordinating behaviour, regulating the level of intimacy and avoiding relationship‐specific sources of conflict. There were a number of age and sex differences: females endorsed rules about intimacy and self‐disclosure more than males did, and formal rules were endorsed more by old

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1985.tb00671.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1985.tb00672.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Intergroup theory and attribution theory were applied to 151 voters' perceptions of the causes of electors' intentions to vote for subjects' own preferred party and other parties. An intergroup extension of actor‐observer attribution theory predicted that the difference in the explanations should be along the external‐internal locus dimension, but in addition it was hypothesized that voters would enhance the differences between themselves and other voters by exaggerating differences in thefavourabilityof the expressed causes. The pattern of internality and evaluation in respondents' accounts of others' intentions only partially supported these predictions. The intergroup differentiation hypothesis was further tested by asking respondents to guess at the accounts of voting thatothervoters would give. It was predicted that such ascribed attributions would allow greater scope for differentiation, and that subjects would exaggerate the negativity of others' accounts. Results supported this generalized intergroup derogating interpretation for ascribed attributi

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1985.tb00673.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY