摘要:

According to the diamond model of social response (Nail, 1989; Willis, 1965), a bidimensional response space is necessary to provide for the possible responses in social influence settings. Experiment 1 tested diamond model predictions in a context that simulated social influence processes. Evidence was found for each of the responses postulated by the diamond model: conformity, anticonformity, independence and self‐anti‐conformity. Thedescriptiveconstructs of the diamond model were shown to correspond to an extended version of theexplanatoryconstructs of Deutsch&Gerard's (1955) theory of informational influence. Experiment 2 tested this extended theory in a setting with greater experimental realism than Expt 1. Interestingly, Expt 2 found evidence for informational influence: conformity, independence and self‐anticonformity, but not informational anticonformity. Overall, the data support the bidimensional diamond model over any of the competing unidimensional formula

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1992.tb00963.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

From an integration of distraction‐conflict theory and cognitive dissonance theory, it was hypothesized that distraction would increase, rather than disrupt, the proarguing of persons who had been given high choice to engage in discrepant behaviour, and would increase, rather than disrupt, the counterarguing of persons who had been given low choice to engage in such behaviour. Furthermore, it was expected that this cognitive response facilitation effect would more likely occur for persons high in self‐esteem. The results supported the hypotheses and were interpreted as also confirming the notion that dissonance‐related processes occur at the cognitive response

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1992.tb00964.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Kerlinger's (1984) Criterial Referents Theory (CRT) is a theory of the structure of political attitudes to many objects. We modify and develop the theory to provide an account of the structure of attitudes to a single object—the social category ‘woman’. A three‐level hierarchical structure was proposed, spanning fromprinciples(similar to Kerlinger's ‘ideologies’) throughidentitiestobehavioural referents.An 80‐item scale was used to examine this hypothesized structure. Factor analysis of data from 239 subjects revealed a second‐order factor structure which confirmed our structural hypotheses. Subscales constructed from the scale were related to scores on the Women in Society Questionnaire and to scores from a sentence‐completion task. The results clearly indicate that existing ‘attitudes to women’ scales, which assume a bipolar unidimensional structure, are inadequate, and that CRT is capable of accommodating structures of attitu

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1992.tb00965.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Participants in a regional squash league (N= 74) were studied to ascertain the nature of relationships between attributions and emotions in sport. Attributions were assessed for objective outcome (win/loss) and subjective appraisal of performance (satisfied/dissatisfied). In addition, players were assessed on performance satisfaction, outcome importance and performance importance, as well as 16 emotions. Factor analyses yielded three factors for both outcome and performance attributions (personal sport ability, unstable and opponent). A factor analysis on emotion ratings produced three factors: positive self‐esteem, relaxation and surprised incompetence. Multiple regression analyses revealed that for winners, emotions were generally related to performance satisfaction rather than attributions, while for losers emotion was best predicted by unstable attributions and perceived importance. Players satisfied with their performance reported greater positive self‐esteem after unstable attributions, while emotion for dissatisfied players was best predicted by opponent attributions or perceived importance. Results are discussed in the context of Weiner's (1985, 1986) propositions on causal search, Vallerand's (1987) intuitive‐reflective appraisal model of sport emotion, and the structure of attributions in

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1992.tb00966.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It is widely held that similarity of attitudes promotes interpersonal attraction. However, Rosenbaum (1986a) argued that the relationship between attitudinal similarity and attraction is actually a relationship between attitudinal dissimilarity and repulsion. Contrasting predictions of the similarity‐attraction and dissimilarity‐repulsion hypotheses were tested in a main within‐subjects experiment. Ninety subjects first judged a stranger, a randomly sampled same‐sex university student, in a no‐attitude information control condition. Later they judged the same student again, knowing that the stranger shared 0.00, 0.50 or 1.00 proportion of similar attitudes with them (N= 30). As predicted by the similarity‐attraction hypothesis, both similar and dissimilar attitudes affected attraction. Moreover, the effects of similar and dissimilar attitudes were contingent upon the level of similarity of attitudes assumed by the subjects in the no‐attitude information control condition. In an auxiliary between‐subjects experiment, attraction response was also higher in the experimental condition of similar attitudes (N= 19) than in the control condition of no‐attitude information (N= 20). These results reaffirm the similarity‐attraction relationship but reject the dissimilarity‐repulsion hypothesis. In addition, they call attention to the proper consideration of assumed similarity in Byrne's (1971) reinf

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1992.tb00967.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Research on Kelley's (1967, 1972) covariation model of causal attributions has typically overlooked the effects of subjects' prior knowledge of norms on causal judgements. The present studies were designed to show that such norms are important in part because they help govern the usefulness of distinctiveness information for making such attributions. Study 1 revealed that distinctiveness information is considered more useful for answering causal questions when it involves a low base rate event compared to when it involves a high base rate event. Study 2 showed that distinctiveness information involving a low base rate event makes dispositional attributions more likely. The results are discussed in terms of how they question the common belief that consensus information is underused in causal attributions and in terms of how various forms of social judgment appear affected by the inconspicuous yet influential presence of norms.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1992.tb00968.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1992.tb00969.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY