摘要:

Two experiments are reported which test Rokeach's belief congruence theory (BCT) against predictions from Tajfel's social identity theory (SIT). It is the basic assumption of BCT that discrimination of out‐group members is caused by perceived attitudinal dissimilarity between in‐group and out‐group members. Since, according to SIT, discrimination serves the function of establishing a positive differentiation between in‐group and out‐group, there should be more discrimination against similar rather than dissimilar out‐groups. In the first of two experiments using the minimal group paradigm, attitudinal similarity was manipulated among individuals. This led to more liking for other similar rather than dissimilar individuals, regardless of group membership. On the other hand, both attitudinal similarity and group membership affected reward distribution among members of in‐group and out‐group: a similar out‐group member was discriminated against compared with a similar in‐group member, but favoured above a dissimilar one. Manipulating intergroup attitudinal similarity instead of interpersonal attitudinal similarity in the second experiment led, with regard to the allocation of rewards between an in‐group and an out‐group member, to even more discrimination against members of the similar rather than of the dissimilar out‐group. Implications of these findings for

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1988.tb00833.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two studies investigated the joint effect of in‐group identification and experimenter's membership status on the overt emergence of in‐group bias. In Expt 1, 117 male Belgian undergraduates were asked to describe Belgian vs. North African students of their university. As predicted, the evaluative meaning of the descriptions, as a function of the experimenter's provenance, showed an in‐group bias when the experimenter was an ‘outsider’ as opposed to when he was an ‘insider’. In Expt 2, 50 female undergraduates were first asked to report their identification with each of four groups. Experimenter's Provenance was then manipulated in the same way as in Expt 1 and the subjects were asked to allocate money to the groups. It was predicted and found that subjects would show stronger in‐group bias when comparing an in‐group to an out‐group in the outsider condition than in the insider condition, and that no differences in favouritism would arise when comparisons concerned out‐groups only. The general conclusion of the two experiments is that overt manifestations of in‐group favouritism are an additive function of in‐group identification and search for social coordination with the experimenter on in‐group superiority, the latter aspect being stronger when the experimenter is perceived as an outsider (i.e. someone with whom social coordination is not taken for granted) relative to the subject's real‐life membership category. Some implications are drawn with respect

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1988.tb00834.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A study is reported in which the relationships between in‐group identification and intergroup differentiation and between intergroup differentiation and self‐esteem were tested in the context of political affiliation. The prediction derived from social identity theory — that there should be a positive relationship between the strength of an individual's identification with a political party and the extent to which he or she differentiates between the in‐group and various political out‐groups — was compared with predictions derived from realistic conflict theory and the contact hypothesis. Intergroup differentiation was measured along dimensions of evaluation, affect and perceived intragroup homogeneity. The relationships between these ratings of intergroup differentiation and the individual's self‐esteem were then tested. The study was based on a survey of 199 respondents supporting five political parties in Britian. Findings showed that in‐group identification and perceived material conflict were consistent predictors of intergroup differentiation along evaluative and affective dimensions but not along the dimension of perceived intragroup homogeneity. The relationship between intergroup differentiation and self‐esteem proved inconsistent suggesting that some modification may be required of the central role attributed to self‐esteem in soc

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1988.tb00835.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two meta‐analyses were conducted on the results of previous research examining two distinct species of social projection: under‐/overestimation of consensus, and false consensus. These meta‐analyses were guided by an interest in the relative contributions of cognitive mechanisms and motivational mechanisms to social projection. The following patterns were observed in these meta‐analyses: the majority significantly underestimates its own consensus; the minority significantly overestimates its own consensus; the minority's overestimation is substantially greater than the majority's underestimation; the majority's tendency to underestimate increases, and the minority's tendency to overestimate decreases, as actual consensus increases; estimates of consensus made before behavioural choices are generally larger; estimates of consensus are larger when the consensus estimation question asks for estimation of consensus for one's own group; false consensus effects are significant and of moderate magnitude; false consensus decreases as the difference in the relative size of the majority and the minority increases; false consensus is largest when estimates of consensus are made before choices; and false consensus is largest when the consensus estimation question asks for estimates of consensus for one's own group. Discussion considers the implications of these results for the relative contributions of cognition and motivation to social projection.I am quite sure that the average man is built just as I am; otherwise, I should not be making this revelation of my inside.Mark Twain (1908)Something About Rep

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1988.tb00836.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Studies intended to evaluate the relative importance of person information (facial expression) and context information (situation evoking an emotion) in determining emotion attributions of observers have so far, with a few exceptions, used static stimulus presentation (photographs and/or verbal descriptions). Here an attempt is made to study emotion inference processes by using dynamic presentation of stimuli (video). Sixty judges were confronted with 60 video clips depicting an emotional situation followed by an emotional facial expression of an actor/actress in reaction to this situation. These clips were selected from films and TV shows. Three groups of 20 judges each watched (i) only the first takes of the clips depicting an emotion‐arousing situation, or (ii) only the second takes of the clips presenting the emotional facial expressions, or (iii) combinations of both takes depicting the emotion‐arousing situation followed by the facial expression. Their task was to judge the emotion(s) expressed by the person in the given situation. Results indicate that context information dominated person information in determining emotion attributions. Furthermore, differences were found with respect to the relative discrepancy or consonance of clips (situation information was more important to judges in discrepant compared with consonant clips) and differences due to gender of the actors (when watching actresses, person information dominated judgements; when watching actors, situation information was dominant). Results are discussed with respect to possible differences between static and dynamic stimulus presentation and with respect to the general process of inferring emoti

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1988.tb00837.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1988.tb00838.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A total of 72 boys and 72 girls, of six age groups from 6 to 11 years, was observed in the school classroom over eight 5‐minute periods, under conditions of low structure, non‐directive teaching; aggressive and other categories of behaviour were recorded. There were no overall gender differences in aggression, but boys showed significantly more physical aggression than girls (overall effect sized= 0.36), whereas girls showed significantly more verbal aggression than boys (overall effect sized= 0.66). The physical aggression difference was variable both in direction and magnitude across the age categories and included a large reversal at 9 years. Boys' higher levels of physical aggression were not associated with higher levels of activity or more time spent in social interactions. The gender difference in verbal aggression was consistent in direction and magnitude across age categories, but in the opposite direction to the majority of previous findings. There were no gender differences in other categories of verbal behavi

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1988.tb00839.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY