摘要:

An inductive logic model of the process of causal attribution is outlined and contrasted with existing formulations of the covariational model of the attribution process. It is shown how the definition of causality employed in the inductive logic model can be extended to the explanation of non‐occurrences. Using an elaborated methodology, it is shown that the inductive logic model successfully predicts attributions that may not have been made in previous experiments due to deficiencies in the response format employed. In particular, the inductive logic model is shown to predict some interactional categories of attributional response better than previous models. Finally, the assumptions of the inductive logic model are set in the context of other theories of the attribution proces

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00781.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Lay explanations of delinquency have been shown to be both complex and multidimensional and to vary according to factors such as respondent age and sex. However, previous research has treated crime as a global construct, although some studies have highlighted specific attitudes towards individual crimes such as violence and sexual assault. The first of the studies described here directly compared lay explanations for three types of crime — burglary, robbery and sexual assault. Using previously validated scales to assess lay explanation of crime, it was found that there were significant differences in the rated importance of the various scales for the three types of crime. Whilst burglary and robbery were most likely to be explained by failings in education and parenting, sexual assault was most strongly explained in terms of mental instability. Some variation according to age and sex of respondent was also found. A second experiment replicated several of these findings for the crimes of robbery and rape. The race of offender did not, however, significantly influence the explanations for these two offences. Finally, the potential implications of these results are briefly discusse

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00782.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An assessment is made of the applicability of the grief framework for understanding reactions to job loss. Jahoda's ‘deprivation view’ of unemployment is introduced as a statement of what is lost, with the grief model describing the process of adjustment to loss. The main features of grief are described: it is an active process, changing over time, consisting of a number of episodic components combined with a background of chronic emotional disturbance. Parkes' concept of psychosocial transitions is then outlined; this provides a theoretical link between grieving and reactions to other forms of loss, including job loss. An assessment is made of how the grief process has been applied to job loss in existing research. Evidence for most of the components of the grief process is apparent in accounts of reactions to unemployment, but there is little evidence on their frequency, changes over time or their relationship to one another. Variables which are likely to affect the occurrence, extent and precise course of any grief‐like process are examined by comparing reactions to bereavement and job loss. The family and social contexts of reactions to loss are then considered in relation to both grief and unemployment. Finally, the advantages and limitations of the grief model are briefly disc

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00783.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A series of experiments by Snyder&Swann demonstrated that people test hypotheses about others by searching for information likely to confirm the hypothesis under test. However, this and subsequent research has not put hypothesis tester (interviewer) and person to be tested (interviewee) in face‐to‐face interaction, neither has personality of the person to be tested been manipulated as an independent variable. Experiment 1 required interviewers to test an extravert or introvert hypothesis on either an extravert or introvert interviewee. Interviewers did not select questions in a confirmatory way and the impressions they formed of the interviewee were determined by the latter's personality. Experiment 2, a paper‐and‐pencil task, investigated whether presenting the interviewer with two personality profiles (extravert and introvert) or just one (consistent with the hypothesis) affected question choice. Subjects chose questions consistent with a confirmatory strategy; no effect for personality profiles was found. Experiment 3 required subjects to rate introvert and extravert questions according to degree of intimacy. Introvert questions were perceived to be more intimate and personal to ask a stranger. Results from these three studies cast serious doubt on whether confirmatory strategies are used in face‐to‐face interaction, since the personality of the individual and nature of the questions are highly salient in such

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00784.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Children of both sexes and at several ages were or were not induced to make a commitment to help hospitalized children by sorting papers. The commitments occurred under either public or private circumstances. Later, the children discovered that the commitment to help would require that they give up their recess times (i.e. breaks). The willingness of subjects to live up to their commitments and the altruistic self‐attributions resulting from those commitments were measured. It was found that, regardless of conditions, virtually all subjects were willing to give up recess time to help. However, their self‐attributions differed systematically with condition: only after making a private commitment to help did subjects come to see themselves as more altruistically oriented. Further, this effect appeared earlier for girls than for boys and persisted at least one month after the initial commitment. No such effects occurred for public commitments, suggesting that children as young as eight years were able to discount the self‐relevant implications of prosocial commitments made under public scr

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00785.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a previous experiment (Roger&Schumacher, 1983), interruption rates were found to increase significantly during the second half of conversations between pairs of unacquainted subjects of the same sex who both scored high on dominance. The study described here investigated the interactive effects of both gender and dominance predispositions on turn‐taking behaviour in mixed‐sex dyads and, although there were no effects for sex on interruption rate, the interaction between time and dyadic dominance condition obtained earlier was replicated. However, women were found to use significantly more back‐channels than men across all dominance conditions. Comparing speech rate and amplitude before and during successful and unsuccessful interruption attempts showed that these indices tended to serve both turn‐taking and turn‐maintaining

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00786.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Forty‐eight Chinese subjects were exposed to four Chinese female ‘job applicants’ who were either high or low on English‐language proficiency and on physical attractiveness. Half of the subjects considered the applicants for a secretary's post and the other half considered them for a social worker's post. Results showed that applicants' language proficiency had strong influences on person perception. Those high on language proficiency were rated higher on achievement‐related traits. The effects of physical attractiveness were comparatively weak. The findings establish the robustness of the language proficiency effects on person p

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00787.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00788.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:The Social Construction of Emotions.Edited byRom Harré.Contact and Conflict in Intergroup Encounters.Edited byMiles Hewstone&Rupert Brown

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00789.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY