摘要:

This paper considers three potentially important modifications to the theory of reasoned action (Fishbein, 1980). It was hypothesized that (i) behavioural norms, or beliefs about the behaviours of others, are important influences above and beyond subjective norms; (ii) the effects of attitudes and normative beliefs on intentions and behaviours are interdependent and interactive rather than additive; and (iii) the beliefs underlying subjective and behavioural norms are multidimensional rather than unidimensional. These hypotheses were tested in two surveys of smoking intentions and behaviour. The respondents in the first study were primary school children and those in the second study were college students. In both cases behavioural norms and the attitude‐normative belief interactions led to significant increases in the prediction of smoking intentions and behaviour. Exploratory factor analyses also suggested that the beliefs underlying subjective norms may be multidimensional rather than unidimensional. These results thus support the hypotheses and suggest that the theory of reasoned action should be modified accordingl

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00707.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Evaluations in the expectancy‐value model have been construed as either moral (good/bad) or affective (pleasant/unpleasant) reactions to the consequences of an act. After pointing out that neither evaluation is suitable for representing the motivational component of attitude in some cases of interest, this paper proposes a more general reconceptualization based on subjective conditional approach/avoidance reactions. All three possibilities are then tested on two independent samples of 110 persons each through hierarchial regression procedures. Although measures of each type of evaluation achieved high levels of reliability, only the subjective conditional approach/avoidance measures were found to combine validly with beliefs to predict attitudes towards the act of giving blood. The proposed model also raises a number of research issues with respect to the antecedents of evaluations and in so doing deepens the explanatory base of theories of attitude formation and the prediction of behaviou

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00708.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It was hypothesized that subjects would expect others to complete questionnaires which measured the components of the theory of reasoned action in ways that are consistent with Fishbein's (1980) model. In order to test this hypothesis 96 subjects were asked to rate how honestly they felt that a set of questionnaires which measured the components of the theory of reasoned action had been completed by a group of male university students. It is shown that those questionnaires which were inconsistent with the predictions of Fishbein's theory were seen as being the most unbelievable. In addition, it is demonstrated that the subjects were aware of the rules they used when attributing dishonesty to particular questionnaires and that these rules were consistent with the main predictions of Fishbein's theory. It is argued that Fishbein's theory forms part of the lay‐person's intuitive psychology of intention, and that this intuitive psychology may act as a source of response bias which motivates people to create consistency between the components of the theory of reasoned action when completing questionnaires which measure the model's construct

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00709.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This research compared the validity of the utility theory (Rofé, 1984) and emotional comparison theory (Schachter, 1959) regarding affiliative and conversational tendencies immediately before and after child delivery. The effects of repression‐sensitization, level of anxiety, education and birth status were also examined. Results showed that prior to delivery women tended to want to be alone, while after delivery they desired to be with others. Women who chose to be with others before delivery preferred to be silent or to talk about topics irrelevant to the birth. The tendency to avoid the company of other women immediately before delivery was stronger among repressors and more highly educated subjects. These results appear to be consistent with utility theory but not with emotional comparison theo

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00710.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The experiment examined a central assumption of the informational influence explanation of group polarization: that arguments have inherent qualities which elicit from subjects shared and unchanging evaluations. Subjects were required to make binary decisions either on choice dilemma (CD) items or on attitude items and then assess the relevance of two comprehensive sets of arguments to that decision. On each item, one set of arguments favoured one course of action (CD items) or pole (attitude items) and the second set, the alternative course or pole. Subjects then either reconsidered their decision, or reconsidered it and wrote a passage justifying their current decision, and then reassessed the relevance of the arguments. It was found that after their initial decision, subjects discriminated significantly more clearly between the opposing sets of arguments on the attitude items compared with those on the CD items. Secondly, the trend to accentuate this perceived difference following decision reappraisal was significantly greater when subjects had to justify their decision. Thirdly, this accentuation process was more marked on the CD items than on the attitude items irrespective of the form of decision reappraisal. The informational influence explanation appeared incapable of explaining these results and an alternative interpretation based on social identity theory is offered.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00711.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three properties of gender identity—perceived similarity to other women, sense of common fate and centrality of gender to the sense of self—were measured in national surveys of women in the United States. Analyses of their relationships to gender consciousness support the general proposition that these properties of identity are implicated in different ways in collective discontent, criticism of the legitimacy of gender disparities and acceptance of change‐oriented collective action. As predicted, the sense of common fate proved the most important, even after adjustments were made for the structural resources in women's lives that help them develop both a sense of common fate and gender consciou

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00712.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The portrayal of men and women in a sample of British television adverts was examined in an extension of the study by Manstead&McCulloch (1981). The central figures in 175 adverts were coded for their sex, mode of presentation, relationship to product, role, argument, product type and product price. The results were similar to those found by Manstead&McCulloch, namely, the portrayal of men and women conformed closely to traditional gender roles. A cluster analysis was performed to determine the main types of character portrayed in adverts. Of the eight types which resulted, five were mainly male and three were mainly female. Expensive products were advertised by the most stereotypic males: the most stereotypic females were silent. The few women presented as product authorities differed from the men not only in number but in role, product type and mode of presentation.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00713.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Following the lead established by Manstead&McCulloch (1981), a further examination of sex‐role stereotypes in British television advertising was undertaken. In this case, daytime advertisements were analysed as well as evening ones, the data from the visual component of the advertisment were analysed separately from those for the voice‐over component, and a number of additions and modifications were made to the existing coding procedures. In the visual modality, several differences were found between the images of men and women presented in the daytime and those presented in the evening. However, it was not possible to perform the equivalent analysis on the voice‐over data owing to the overwhelming domination of this modality by male central figures. The implications of these findings are discussed, together with their relationship with the findings of similar previous st

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00714.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The study described here attempted to replicate British and American studies of the portrayal of men and women in television advertisements using radio commercials. The main aim was to determine whether the medium of radio is as prone to sex‐role stereotyping as is television advertising. Nearly 100 advertisements were content analysed into seven categories referring to the central figure, credibility, role, location, arguments, reward, product and accent. As previously found, male and female characters were portrayed in different ways particularly as regards credibility (males as authorities, females as users), role (males as celebrities/narrator) and location (females in the home more than males). The results are discussed in terms of sex‐role stereotyping on different aspects of the mass me

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00715.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00716.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY