ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1993.tb00989.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The impact of gender on perceptions of group homogeneity was assessed using a memory paradigm. In the main experimental conditions, male and female subjects were presented with 12 pairs of photographs and gendered silhouettes. The photographs portrayed a series of environments (e.g. a kitchen) in public settings (e.g. a restaurant) and in domestic ones (e.g. at home). The connection of settings and gender of silhouettes varied across subjects. In control conditions, all silhouettes were of the same sex or were geometrical forms (triangles and squares). The subjects memorized the pairs of photographs and targets, and then had to reconstruct them. The experiment addressed three hypotheses. The categorization effect: within‐category errors would exceed between‐category errors, especially when gender was used as a categorization criterion. The out‐group homogeneity effect: within‐category errors concerning the out‐group would be greater than those concerning the in‐group. The social status effect: men would display more out‐group homogeneity than women. Results provided evidence for the categorization and the out‐group homogeneity hypotheses. They also supported to some extent the social status hypothesis. Different styles of processing of information were suggested by men's and women's performances. Men consistently displayed the out‐group homogeneity bias, whereas women did not. Women took into account the kind of setting: they made more errors when matching the male or the female silhouettes to the domestic settings (the stereotypical in‐group settings) than when matching these silhouettes to the public settings (the stereotypical out‐group settings). Finally, sex‐typing measures about the self were related to the subjects' behavioural performance

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1993.tb00990.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two experiments evaluated the effect of role assignment on intergroup bias. A social categorization model (Brewer&Miller, 1984) predicts a reduction in bias when the basis for assignment to task roles or subgroup composition in a contact situation is category independent (cross‐cut) rather than category related (convergent). Conversely, a model based on social identity theory (Brown&Wade, 1987; Deschamps&Brown, 1983) suggests that when distinct task role assignments converge with category membership, threat to group identity and consequent intergroup bias will be reduced. To clarify these conflicting predictions, we created a cooperative contact setting in which members of two experimentally created groups worked together as a team. During the team membership phase, work roles either converged with or cross‐cut initial group membership. Experiment 1 supported the predictions of the social categorization model; subjects in the cross‐cut condition perceived greater similarity among team members and, in turn, showed less intergroup bias in reward allocation, than did those in the convergent condition. Two variables hypothesized to account for this outcome were the absence of negative task attitudes and the opportunity for personalization. In Expt 2, procedures likely to increase negative task attitudes and reduce personalization were inserted into the procedure of both conditions in an experimental design that paralleled that of Expt 1. Under these conditions, the differential effects of role assignment were eliminated. Taken together, these studies suggest that cross‐cutting role assignment will reduce intergroup bias when it is implemented in a manner that does not arouse negative task attitudes but does provide opportunity for personalization of tea

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1993.tb00991.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Male or female subjects believed they were exchanging notes with four other members of a decision‐making group of the same gender. Notes were contrived to exert either normative or informational influences. Instructions stressed either task goals, in which attaining the optimum, most correct decision was important, or group goals, which stressed group relations, mutual consideration and harmony. As predicted, group goals facilitated greater normative influence, and task goals facilitated greater informational influence. A form of influence is most effective when it is congruent with the interactive goal of the group, supporting Kaplan's (1987, 1989) model of conditions determining influence processes in groups. Contrary to predictions, gender did not interact with the interactive goal/influence type conjunction. The effect of the interactive goal on the impact of normative or informational influence was particularly striking, and furnishes a strong test of the hypothesis, given the minimal nature of group interchange in this stud

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1993.tb00992.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper presents a methodology for modelling the process of group decision making based on qualitative data. It is hypothesized that group decisions can be modelled in terms of the sharing and negotiation of the individual construct systems of the group members. Individual construct systems are elicited from each group member prior to the group decision using an open‐ended sorting procedure (Canter, Brown&Groat, 1985). The combined construct system of the group is represented using a non‐metric multidimensional scaling technique known as Multidimensional Scalogram Analysis (MSA). Each stage of the elicitation and representation of the construct systems is illustrated using a worked example taken from an experimental decision‐making group choosing houses for student accommodation. The decision reached by the group is compared to the multidimensional model. The potential of the model for social processes research is disc

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1993.tb00993.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The design and analysis of data when individuals are in more than one group are discussed. In the generations design, the group members change across time in a pattern that mimics the birth and death of members in families. We present a regression‐based approach to the estimation of conformity and stability parameters. In a rotation design, people interact in multiple groups and multiple sessions and each group involves a different set of partners. For two different types of rotation designs, we present a variance decomposition approach. For all designs discussed, we illustrate the analysis with results from actual studie

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1993.tb00994.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY