摘要:

Two experiments were conducted to examine the function relating performance outcome and causal attributions. Unlike previous studies, the degree of success or failure experienced was varied over five rather than only two levels so that the form of this function, as well as that relating outcome to affect, could be studied. It was found that subjects' attributions were not linearly related to their level of success. While the attributions of less successful subjects (10, 30 or 50 per cent correct) were quite similar, the attributions of successful subjects (70 or 90 per cent correct) were quite distinct. In contrast, the affect experienced by subjects was a simple linear function of the degree to which they were successful at the task. The implications of these findings for motivational and cognitive accounts of performance attributions and for the design of future attribution studies are discussed.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00630.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper reports three studies that are concerned with the processes involved in arriving at an explanation. In contrast with the essentially inductivist view that people arrive at attributions through an analysis of covariation information about consensus, consistency and distinctiveness, an alternative hypothesis‐testing approach to the process is suggested. This view implies that people usually have hypotheses about why an event occurred and that, rather than seek covariation information, they seek specific information which enables them to disambiguate their hypotheses. In the first two studies subjects were presented with vignettes and instructed to write down what information they would like to have in order to explain the event described. In the third study, similar vignettes were presented and ratings of the importance of different types of information was elicited. The results of all three studies support the hypothesis‐testing mo

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00631.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper focuses on the extent and persistence of biased reactions to feedback which can be attributed to one or both of two motivational considerations, namely the desire to manage one's impressions so as to avoid anticipated social disapproval and the desire to act consistently with one's expectations. It is argued that subjects' prime desire is to avoid appearing foolish or immodest to others, but that private expectations act as an anchor by which to judge whether or not one is being foolish or immodest. Thus people with different expectations (such as those with high self‐esteem, HSEs, and low self‐esteem, LSEs) should behave differently even when impression‐management conditions are identical. Detailed predictions are derived concerning how the two motivational factors will bias reactions to feedback for two responses: firstly, the expectations HSEs and LSEs hold about their future performance and, secondly, the certainty with which these expectations are held. Subjects' biased reactions to feedback are compared both to the actual feedback given and to the information processing of HSE and LSE observers. It was found that subjects showed biased reactions both during and after 10 trials of repeated success and failure feedback, and there was strong support for all the predictions. It is concluded that consistency needs should not be forgotten in the current enthusiasm for impression‐management as an all‐embracing theory of social

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00632.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

There is relatively little published research concerning the relationship between mothers' attitudes towards methods of feeding infants and their choice of breast‐feeding or bottle‐feeding as methods of feeding their own babies. The present study used Fishbein&Ajzen's theory of reasoned action to analyse the impact of the attitudes, perceived norms and beliefs of 50 primiparous mothers on (i) their intentions to breast‐feed or bottle‐feed, assessed antenatally; and (ii) their self‐reported use of breast‐feeding and bottle‐feeding during the first six weeks of the baby's life. The findings were generally consistent with the theory of reasoned action. Attitudes to the infant feeding methods accounted for a large and significant amount of variation in intentions, and intentions in turn accounted for a large and significant amount of variation in infant feeding behaviour. However, there were some aspects of the findings that were not entirely consistent with the theory. Attitudes to behaviour contributed significantly and independently to the prediction of behaviour, and beliefs about the consequences of behaviour explained a near‐significant amount of variation in intentions, beyond that already accounted for by attitudes and normative beliefs. Theoretical and practical implications of these finding

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00633.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Attitudes are conveniently conceptualized either as enduring internal affective or evaluative predispositions which have a causal influence on behaviour, or—less commonly—as behaviours in their own right. Conceptual and methodological problems with both of these formulations are discussed, and a reconceptualization is proposed in which attitudes are conceived of as communicative acts which imply evaluations of a class of objects, persons or events. The clearest case of attitude would be a self‐referent speech act of the form, ‘I approve/disapprove entities of type X’. The study of attitude as an expressive communicative act makes use of speech act theory and theories of impression management and self‐presentation, and requires an analysis of the context in which the attitude act occurs and the variety of personal and interpersonal functions which the act serves. The proposed reconceptualization eliminates the ‘attitude–behaviour’ problem and raises a number of potentially fruitful research issues, including the culturally grounded means for achievi

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00634.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Male and female gender roles are discussed as developmental pathways in terms of four related descriptive dimensions: the first three, rigidity, complexity and consistency, are all concerned with processes operating at particular stages of development; the fourth, continuity, is concerned with the overall developmental pathway. The limited evidence available indicates the following: there is a more rigid male role in childhood, but the evidence for adults is less clear; there is some evidence of greater complexity and inconsistency in the male role during childhood; developmentally, the female role becomes less flexible at adolescence whereas the male role becomes more flexible and varied; the female role shows more change across the adult life‐span, particularly at the birth of the first child. The wider societal and historical implications of these conclusions, and their relation to role‐related difficulties, are discus

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00635.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Fifteen‐year‐old British adolescents of both sexes were presented with success or failure story cues, in sex‐appropriate and sex‐inappropriate fields of endeavour. Responses were analysed to establish the extent and nature of ‘motive to avoid success’. The effects of cue variables (sex appropriateness, success versus failure), sex‐role attitude, locus of control, social class and maternal employment were explored.It was found that boys were generally more negative, predicting failure and demonstrating anxiety in various ways. Girls were generally more positive, more likely to predict success outcomes, and tended to treat the obstacles to girls' achievement as challenges to be overcome. They tended to show a realistic appreciation of the problems likely to be encountered rather than anxiety or a motive to

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00636.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study aimed to investigate the demographic correlates of just world beliefs and their relationship to poverty. There were predictable differences in just world beliefs between people of different political opinions, faiths and occupations. Also just world beliefs were associated with negative attitudes towards the poor.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00637.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00638.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Reports of change since job loss in 38 behaviours were obtained from 954 unemployed British working‐class men. Longer duration of unemployment was found to be significantly associated with several reported changes, and substantial age differences were also present. Associations between psychological distress and reported changes in behaviour were widely significan

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00639.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY