摘要:

Two studies were conducted to examine the impact of a child's psychological disturbance on adults' judgements of causation, blame and punishment for action outcomes portrayed across Heider's levels. The effect of these levels on perceived control and the utility of perceived control in predicting judgements were also investigated. It was found that: (a) the psychological status of the child affected responses for a subset of Heider's levels but did not alter the pattern of responses across levels; and (b) responses were not affected by the existence of a psychological disorderper sebut instead appeared to reflect inferences regarding the capacities influenced by the disorder. In addition, perceived control (c) increased across Heider's levels and (d) was more useful than previously investigated subjective probabilities in accounting for variance in perceived cause, blame and punishment. The probability of the act in the situation portrayed also accounted for a unique portion of the variance in the judgements made. The robustness of Heider's levels and a quantitative approach to his criteria are discussed. Finally, suggestions regarding the assessment of capacities necessary for being held accountable for one's actions are outlined.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1988.tb00819.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1988.tb00820.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Male and female subjects were presented with four scenarios each involving the subject driving a car and passing a hitch‐hiker requesting a lift. The scenarios were kept constant except for the sex of the person in need of help and the implied cause of their difficulty (i.e. internal or external causality). Three response measures were taken: likelihood of helping, perceived degree of blame and primary emotional response. Results indicated that males were more likely to offer help than females, and male hitch‐hikers were more likely to be offered a lift than female hitch‐hikers regardless of locus of causality. Males were more likely to help females where the implied cause of need was internal than where the implied cause was external, whereas the reverse was found for female subjects. Subjects tended to attribute blame in scenarios depicting a hitch‐hiker of the same sex to a greater degree than in scenarios depicting a hitch‐hiker of the opposite sex. It is argued that neither emotional reactions nor attributions of blame explain adequately the sex differences in helping behaviour. In addition, female subjects' helping judgements were found to be influenced by their primary affective reaction whereas no relationship was found between males' judgements of helping and emotional reaction. These results are discussed with reference to attribution and social identity theories o

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1988.tb00821.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study assessed the effects of stable/unstable attributions on subsequent task performance. In Expt 1, subjects were exposed to no‐feedback, solvable or unsolvable problems in which they received instructions encouraging them to attribute the outcome to stable or unstable causes. In Expt 2, subjects were divided according to their attributional style for bad events into stable, non‐defined and unstable attributors and were exposed to no‐feedback or unsolvable problems. Both experiments assessed subjects' performance in a subsequent solvable task. It was found that exposure to unsolvable problems worsened subsequent performance only for those subjects who attributed failure to stable causes. An attribution of failure to unstable causes prevented the detrimental effects of unsolvable problems on performance. The role of stability attributions is discussed in terms of Abramson, Seligman&Teasdale's reformulation of learned helples

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1988.tb00822.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article examines how conservative and radical subjects explain and judge aggression perpetrated by institutional (i.e. policemen) or anomic (i.e. delinquents) agents. One hundred and twenty‐nine university students in Lisbon, either very conservative or very radical, selected five causes out of a total of 30 to explain an aggressive act committed by a given actor toward an unknown victim in unspecified circumstances. Half of the causes were internal and half were external. Subjects also had to rate the amount of violence, the responsibility of the agent, and the potential punishment. In accordance with the hypotheses, conservative and radical subjects used different types of causes to explain the aggression of different actors and they judged the act differently according to the perpetrator. Moreover, for all subjects there was a significant correlation between perceived violence, responsibility and punishment. These judgements, however, correlated significantly with the type of attribution only in the case of conservative subjects: the more tolerant conservatives were, the more external causes they selected. These results are discussed in the light of the social dimensions most valued by observers of aggressive episode

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1988.tb00823.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1988.tb00824.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study investigated relations between principled moral judgement as assessed by Rest's Defining Issues Test, the importance for self of the terminal and instrumental values from the Rokeach Value Survey, and general conservatism as measured by the Conservatism Scale. The study involved 133 male and female students in year 11 courses in four Adelaide high schools. The results showed that principled moral judgement (Stages 5 and 6) was positively linked to the importance assigned by subjects to inner harmony, being broadminded and being logical, and negatively related to the importance they assigned to being clean and obedient. Stage 4 moral judgement and general conservatism assessed by the Wilson and Patterson Conservatism Scale were positively related and both were related to a similar (but not identical) subset of values. Results were discussed in relation to theory and research in the areas of moral judgement and human values.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1988.tb00825.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examined the ‘value‐justification hypothesis’. Derived from accentuation theory (Eiser, 1987), this hypothesis states that people with different attitudes will appeal to different values to justify, or account for, their attitudes. Subjects completed measures of their attitudes towards abortion and nuclear weapons, ranked the importance of 18 values (Rokeach, 1967) and ranked the relevance of these values to each attitude issue. Multivariate analyses revealed that subjects with negative and positive attitudes differed in the values which they regarded as relevant to each issue. For example, subjects who favoured nuclear weapons regarded ‘national security’ as more relevant in comparison to subjects opposed to nuclear weapons who viewed ‘wisdom’ as a more relevant value consideration. Further, these effects occurred over and above differences in value importance. Finally, the results suggested that these value‐justification effects were stronger among low, relative to high, self‐monitors (Snyder, 1974). The latter finding is consistent with the notion that value‐justification effects are more likely to occur when attitudes fulfil a value‐expressive function. The relation of these findings to the functional approach to the study of attitudes and Tetlock's (1986) value pluralism mo

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1988.tb00826.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An empirical study demonstrates how the use of an attitude heuristic (a simple, evaluative strategy for problem solving) can selectively influence fact identification. Given favourable (or unfavourable) facts about liked (or disliked) personalities, subjects identified as true those events that were consistent with their attitudes towards the personality. Subjects were most confident about their identification when their attitude towards the actor was extreme. These results provide evidence that attitudes serve an object appraisal or knowledge function and can be used to reconstruct social history.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1988.tb00827.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Previous research has indicated that performing arousing or unusual activities heightens self‐awareness, as indexed by the use of first person singular pronouns in a sentence completion task (McDonald, Harris&Maher, 1983; Wegner&Giuliano, 1980; 1983). This type of self‐awareness seems to reflect awareness of oneself as an individual. In the study reported here, we examined the impact of contextual factors on both awareness of oneself as an individual and awareness of oneself as a group member. The latter type of self‐awareness was indexed by the use of first person plural pronouns. Subjects either ran or walked in place while in one of three contexts: (1) alone; (2) with co‐actors present; or (3) in a group which fostered interaction and interdependence among participants. The results indicated that, relative to the other two contexts, the group context lowered self‐awareness as indexed by the use of first person singular pronouns, but enhanced self‐awareness as indexed by the use of first person plural pronouns. This is discussed in terms of the impact that social context has on different forms of sel

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1988.tb00828.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY