摘要:

This paper builds upon Reicher's (1984a) model of deindividuation by arguing that manipulations of identifiability do not only affect the salience of social identity but also have strategic consequences for the expression of in‐group stereotypes. Increasing the visibility of group members to a powerful out‐group should decrease the ability of those members to express any aspects of their identity which would meet resistance from the out‐group. A preliminary study found that making supporters of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament individually identifiable to a powerful out‐group only affects the incidence of stereotypic behaviours which would be punishable by that out‐group. In the main study, science students taking a psychology course are either defined as ‘scientists’ or as ‘students’. They are then asked to complete a questionnaire about the psychology course consisting of items where difference from a staff norm would either be unpunishable or punishable. On the punishable items, the ‘science’ stereotype is compatible with the staff position, while the ‘student’ stereotype is incompatible. As expected, increased visibility of subjects to academic staff decreases conformity to the in‐group stereotype for those defined as students but does not affect the behaviour of those defined as scientists. What is more, this pattern of results only holds for the punishable items. However, contrary to expectations, on the unpunishable items, increased visibility increases conformity to the in‐group stereotype for both groups. Taken together, the two experiments confirm that immersing individuals in a group where they are anonymous to outsiders not only predisposes them to act in terms of social identity but also blunts out‐group power in such a way as to allow f

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01015.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this study the determinants of the content of Western European stereotypes are investigated. The content of the stereotypes was reflected in four dimensions: attributed efficiency, emotionality, empathy and dominance. Attributed efficiency appeared to be determined by social factors, such as perceived economic development and social security, along with the geographical location of the stereotyped nation. Attributed emotionality was solely related to the north—south location of the stereotyped national. Attributed empathy and dominance were related to perceived political power and nationalism and to the geographical size of the stereotyped nation. The effects of the geographical factors are interpreted in terms of cultural, economic and historical factors associated with or relating to these geographical factors. The research and its results are placed in the framework of Von Ehrenfels' thesis of a north—south polarization effect in nationality stereoty

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01016.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A sample of 128 boys and girls in four age groups (three, five, seven, nine years) undertook tasks designed to assess their ability to categorize by gender, gender constancy, evaluations of gender groups, and gender discrimination in the allocation of prizes in a task performance setting. Results indicated that all children could categorize accurately by gender although nine‐year‐olds tended to adopt more complex criteria. Gender constancy increased with age, although not monotonically—seven‐year‐olds displayed less constancy than five‐year‐olds. Gender differentiation in attitudes was very marked from five years upwards, and even earlier in girls (both groups viewed their own gender more favourably). This greater own gender favouritism among girls was even clearer in the discrimination task: girls awarded girls' groups more desirable toys even when they had ostensibly performed less well than the boys' group. The boys attended more to performance information. Girls also made more negative comments about boys th

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01017.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Negotiation outcomes can be influenced by the extent to which individuals focus on potential gains or losses; whether outcomes are so influenced depends on situational features of the negotiation. This paper identified and tested for the effects of three such variables: opponents' gain or loss frame, pay‐off structure (fixed‐or variable‐sum) and strategic orientation (cooperative or competitive). Results showed that, when pay‐offs were variable‐sum, gain‐framed negotiators outperformed loss‐framed negotiators, with their relative advantage increasing when instructions encouraged a cooperative orientation or opponents were loss‐framed. When issues were fixed‐sum, a negotiator's gain or loss‐frame affected outcomes only when opponents held a different frame. Under these conditions, the profits of loss‐framed negotiators increased over time, while those of gain‐framed negotiators decreased over time. It is concluded that negotiators are advantaged when negotiating style and market dynamics are congruent; they are disadvantaged when negotiating style and market d

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01018.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two studies were performed, the first investigating subjects' attitudes towards participation in experimental research, the second testing a non‐deceptive, non‐role playing methodology. In Study 1, we asked a sample of 225 college students who might comprise a typical experimental sample for their attitudes towards deception. We found that those who had been previously deceived at least once were more likely to expect future deception than those who had not been deceived. To demonstrate that deception is not always essential, in Study 2 we used a simple non‐deceptive parallel to a classic social influence experiment and successfully replicated its findings. These two studies give new empirical weight to the challenge to experimental deception in social psych

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01019.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Using the value indices ‘International harmony and equality’ and ‘National strength and order’ (Braithwaite, 1982), previous research in Australia found support for Rokeach's (1973) two‐value model of political ideology (Heaven, 1991). The present study was designed to test the model's cross‐cultural robustness among South African university students (N= 593). A discriminant function analysis revealed that supporters of various political parties could more easily be discriminated in terms of their support for ‘Internal harmony and equality’ than in their support for ‘National strength and order’. The findings are discussed in the context of social identities in South Africa. It is also argued that in societies experiencing conflict or change, the dimension ‘National strength and order’ needs to be revised so as to more accurately reflect curren

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01020.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Previous research suggests that men hold an instrumental social representation of aggression in which aggression is viewed as a functional interpersonal act aimed at imposing control over other people while women view aggression in expressive terms as a breakdown of self‐control over anger. The present study examines the relative contribution of gendered personality differences (communality—agency) and occupational role in accounting for these differences. Men and women in the armed forces and nursing profession completed the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ: Spence&Helmreich, 1976) together with a psychometric measure of their tendency to view aggression as expressive rather than instrumental (Expagg: Campbell, Muncer&Coyle, 1992). The results indicate that occupational role and sex are both important correlates of individuals' representations of aggression. Though agency showed a significant negative zero‐order correlation with expressive aggression, the impact of gendered personality traits was diminished when occupation and sex were taken into account. The data strongly support social role theory's emphasis upon contemporaneous occupational factors in explaining sex differences in the understanding of aggression but are less supportive of the role of masculine and feminine personality t

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01021.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY