摘要:

Recently, the proposition that it is normal for people to see themselves in illusorily positive terms has been challenged and it has been suggested that this phenomenon may be explained by the contribution of subgroups of overly positive individuals. We investigated this possibility by examining the contribution of repressive individuals, who tend to avoid negative affect, to the illusions of unrealistic optimism and overly positive self‐evaluations. Whereas normal and non‐anxious controls showed no evidence of illusory biases, repressors rated themselves as significantly less likely than the average person to experience negative events, and rated negative words as significantly less descriptive of self than others. These findings support the hypothesis that, in judgements involving negative material, the presence of repressors may be contributing to findings of illusory bia

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1996.tb01107.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study re‐examines the relationship between repressive coping style and the architecture of emotion‐related memories by introducing methodological improvements in the elicitation of these memories. Participants were classified into four repressive coping groups according to the Taylor Manifest Anxiety scale and the Marlowe‐Crowne Social Desirability scale. They were then asked to recall personal experiences related to five core relational themes attempting to elicit positive and negative emotions and to rate how they felt in each situation. Results indicated that differences in the architecture of emotion‐related memories among the four repressive coping groups depended on the type of the elicited memory. The discussion emphasizes the complexity of the relationship between repressive coping style and the architecture of emotion‐related memories and suggests an expansion of the concept of r

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1996.tb01108.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

What happens if one treats social identity as a flexible resource in conversational interaction? Close attention to the sequencing of talk suggests that speakers' identities are much more subtle than simple pre‐given category labels suggest, and that they change rapidly as a function of the ephemeral (but socially consequential) demands of the situation. Were a psychologist to have sampled the interaction only at one given point, they would have seen a participant using, or being attributed with, only one identity; but we show that speakers use, and attribute each other with, a variety of different identities as their business progresses. In so doing, the speakers can be seen not only to avow contradictory identities but also to invoke both group distinctiveness and similarity—and neither of these strategies are easy to square with social psychological theories of identity. We put what we find in this particular case study into the debate between, on the one hand, ethnomethodological preference for working from participants' own orientations to identity and, on the other hand, social psychological research practices which tend to privilege analytically given social categories. At the very least, we argue, the social psychological approach can be enriched by attending more to identity as a matter of situated description and less as a matter of perceptuo‐cognitive proce

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1996.tb01109.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Following Mummendey&Simon's (1991) taxonomy of social discrimination, a distinction was made between two forms of discriminatory behaviour such that eitherpositiveornegativestimuli may be allocated to or taken away from group members differentially. We argue that an extrapolation of findings from the positive domain to the largely neglected negative domain is unjustified, and hypothesize a ‘positive—negative asymmetry of social discrimination’ whereby in‐group favouritism for negative stimuli is less probable than discrimination in terms of positive stimuli. First, in two parallel experiments, this hypothesis was tested in the realm of evaluations of group products. The two experiments differed in their operationalization of thevalenceof the judgement dimensions: in Expt 1aboth, positive and negative, attributes were given (‘mixed lists’), whereas in Expt 1beitherpositive or negative attributes were used for evaluations (‘pure lists’). Whereas with ‘mixed lists' there was no significant in‐group bias, with ‘pure lists' the hypothesized asymmetry was confirmed. These differing results were interpreted in terms of a norm enhancement hypothesis: the possibility of discriminating via negative stimuli enhances a fairness norm. A second vignette study, using descriptions of the first experiment's setting, yielded considerable support for this normative theor

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1996.tb01110.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper examines the behavioural response of nursing staff in psychiatric wards to a patient's violent behaviour towards a staff member as a function of whether the patient's behaviour was presented as arbitrary or not. The participants were 133 nurses. They were given two vignettes describing an arbitrary and a non‐arbitrary behaviour of a patient and were asked what the typical response in their ward to each event would be. The results show that when the patient's behaviour was perceived as arbitrary, staff was believed to respond with a therapeutic reaction more frequently than to non‐arbitrary behaviour. Moreover, participants' professional characteristics played a greater role in the non‐arbitrary scenario. It is suggested that a therapeutic response to a patient's violent behaviour requires a recognition that the patient's behaviour is consistent with his/her role as a patient. The implication of these results for Berkowitz&Heimer's (1989) cognitive—neo‐associationistic analysis is

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1996.tb01111.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study extended earlier findings with respect to the effects of providing reasons for one's attitudes. On the basis of earlier work on reasoning it was expected that participants, asked to explain why they held a specific attitude towards a politician or a political party, would become more inconsistent in their attitudes compared to participants in a control condition. This is because people often do not have access to the reasons underlying their attitudes. To meet some of the objections that can be raised to earlier research, participants in the present study were first asked for their attitudes, immediately followed by the request to explain why they held that attitude. After that, attitudes were measured again. Overall, it was shown that for two out of four targets, attitudes became relatively inconsistent after providing reasons. Further, the moderating effect of involvement in politics was shown. Less involved participants showed reasoning effects for all four targets, whereas more involved participants did not show these effects, and for one target even became more consistent in their attitudes.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1996.tb01112.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

On the centenary of the publication in English of Le Bon'sThe Crowd, this paper examines its legacy. On the one hand, many recent theorists point to the flaws of Le Bon's crowd psychology which are centred on an abstraction of crowds from their social and ideological context. On the other hand, many leaders claim to have based their techniques of mass manipulation on his ideas. How come, if Le Bon's ideas are so flawed, they were so useful? The paper tries to resolve this apparent paradox by examining the crowd rhetoric of Le Bon's most notorious followers, Mussolini and Hitler. It is argued that, far from simply using assertion and repetition to sway a mindless mass, both leaders rooted their rhetoric in a particular construction of social categories through which the audience was defined and by reference to which actions were legitimated. However, they also obscured this ideological basis so as to render it inevitable and unchallengeable. It is therefore concluded that the very weakness of Le Bonian theory is what renders it a useful rhetorical resource. This makes it all the more important to study how social categories are constructed both in order to understand mass political rhetoric and also to undermine future authoritarian practices.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1996.tb01113.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY