摘要:

Interactions with another individual (or category of individuals) are affected by past interactions and by expectations of future ones. So far, however, there has been little study of the structure (in terms of the correlations between interactions of different types) of relationships of particular types, or of behaviour with specified categories of others. This paper presents a comparative study of children's interactions in four social contexts—with mother and with sibling at home, and with peers and teachers in preschool. The structures differ in several respects, and the differences reflect the nature of the relationships concerned. While all consisted of groups of positive and negative interactions, the extent of these groups differed between relationships: in general, they were not directly negatively correlated with each other. In some relationships, the partners played equal roles in initiating interactions, while others were more complementary. In some relationships, long sequences of interactions tended to be more positive than short, and in others the reverse was the case. Some behavioural items had different associations in different contexts, indicating the danger of equating behavioural items across context

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1993.tb00995.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper starts from the assumption that the dimensions of meaning revealed by studies on Implicit Personality Theory (IPT) are primarily determined by the particular traits under consideration; there are individual differences in the traits that are personally relevant to subjects and hence are an integrated part of their IPT. The study of collective trait sets selected by the researcher magnifies the emergence of ‘universal’ IPT dimensions and conceals individual differences in the dimensional structure of IPT. This argument is supported by the results of two studies. In the first study, subjects judged the perceived associations among their personally relevant attributes. Considerable individual differences were found in (a) the attribute sets; (b) the dimensions of judgement; and (c) the relations between these dimensions. In the second study, subjects judged a collective set of traits. Several structural analyses indicated that individual differences were virtually abs

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1993.tb00996.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The applicability of the Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behaviour to the cooperative behaviour of condom use were examined. Seventy‐one male and 78 female students, all sexually active unmarried heterosexuals aged 17 to 21 years, gave information about their intentions for the next sexual encounter, as well as their attitude, subjective norm, expectancy‐value attitude and subjective norm (including normative beliefs for their sexual partner), and their past behaviour with respect to condom use. After their next sexual encounter, they completed a questionnaire on their actual condom use. Results indicated that when behavioural conditions including the availability of a condom and an agreement with the partner to use it were satisfied, intention interacted with past behaviour to predict actual behaviour. These results imply that intentions which are consistent with past behaviour are stable enough to be carried out in the face of the interpersonal dynamics of a sexual encounter. Further, normative belief for the sexual partner had a direct influence on attitudes, subjective norm and intention. Neither the Theory of Reasoned Action nor the Theory of Planned Behaviour can fully explain these results, which point to the need for further theoretical inquiry into the dynamics of cooperative behavi

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1993.tb00997.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

According to the self‐categorization theory of group formation (Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher&Wetherell, 1987), a group comes into existence when its members perceive themselves as belonging to a certain category. Based on this assumption, it is hypothesized that the extent of in‐group attraction and in‐group similarity should depend on the degree to which the in‐group is made salient. It was further predicted that this effect of in‐group salience should hold true only for highly identified group members and not for persons who identify on a low level with the group in question. In an experiment, students of psychology (N= 126) evaluated an in‐group member, i.e. a psychological counsellor, on the basis of a tape‐recorded therapeutic session and under different conditions of in‐group salience. Either the in‐group of psychologists was mentioned, or the in‐group was introduced in the context of relevant out‐groups, or, in addition, a conflict between in‐group and out‐groups was pointed out. The data support the hypothesis: that is, an intergroup conflict increases in‐group attrac

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1993.tb00998.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A meta‐analytic strategy was utilized to examine the determinants of differential group evaluations in the distinctiveness‐based illusory correlation paradigm. Illusory correlations measured by the estimation task proved to be a much stronger predictor of differential group evaluations than illusory correlations measured by the assignment task. Moreover, differential group evaluations seemed more dependent upon affective responses than upon cognitive load. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications regarding the mechanism(s) underlying the illusory correlation eff

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1993.tb00999.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Unacquainted subjects, in groups of four or five, viewed and then discussed a television programme on the topic of homosexuality. Afterwards, they ranked each group member in terms of how influential the member had been during the discussion. High‐ranking members, compared to low‐ranking members, had a greater proportion of aggregate speaking turns, thus replicating Brooke&Ng's (1986) finding. Aggregate turns were then divided into turns gained by interruptive or non‐interruptive means; and the two turn types were used to predict influence ranking in an attempt to test the idea that turns were a resource for achieving influence regardless of how they were gained. Supportive results were found: interruption‐turns, like non‐interruption‐turns, reliably predicted influence ranking. For reasons yet to be tested, interruption‐turns were in fact superior to non‐interruption‐turns for predicting

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1993.tb01000.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This experiment addresses the relation between the ‘Linguistic intergroup bias’ (that is, the tendency to describe positive in‐group and negative out‐group behaviours in more abstract terms than negative in‐group and positive out‐group behaviours) and the locus of causality and stability implicit in verbs. Subjects were presented with episodes of successful and unsuccessful interactions involving in‐group or out‐group protagonists. Applying Semin&Fiedler's (1988) ‘Linguistic category model’, subjects were asked to choose between two explanations of each episode, one expressed in more concrete interpretive action verbs (implying high subject causation but low stability), the other expressed in more abstract state verbs (implying low subject causation but high stability). Results show that negative in‐group and positive out‐group behaviours were described in more concrete terms despite the greater subject causation

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1993.tb01001.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY