ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00909.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00910.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A longitudinal field study was conducted to examine direct and indirect influence amongst minority and majority factions of a political party. The context was provided by the 1988 leadership contest in the British Labour Party in which a left‐wing minority challenged the majority of the party. Two postal questionnaires sent to a panel of 136 respondents — supporters of both the minority and the majority — examined attitude change over the course of the campaign and tested the cognitive‐attributional, identity and dependency mechanisms associated with this attitude change. Findings showed that the majority polarized away from the minority on both direct and indirect measures, whilst the minority polarized away from the majority on direct measures but moved closer towards the majority on indirect measures. Analysis of the correlates of attitude change showed a complex relationship between identification and influence. In particular, perceptions of common identity were negatively related to the acceptance of direct majority influence and positively related to the acceptance of indirect majority influence. Present findings are compared with findings from laboratory studies and reasons for the differences are di

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00911.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two studies were conducted in which subjects' reports of their own happiness were influenced (a) by the salience of comparison standards and (b) by the social norm that was activated in the context of communicating those judgements. It was found that the presence of another person who was relatively worse off led to more positive judgements of the subjects' own happiness. This contrast effect was increased when subjects' attention was directed towards the comparison person by a natural salience manipulation in the form of a seating arrangement at the time the questionnaire had to be filled out. The results of the second study, in which the mode of communication (private vs. public) and the apparent state of health of the comparison person were varied (physically disabled or not), show that such contrastive judgements may not be uttered when the judgement has to be reported publicly to the disabled confederate. Taken together, these studies demonstrate how both cognitive and communicative mechanisms must be taken into account to understand the determinants of judgements of subjective well‐bein

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00912.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Subjects' reactions to equal allocations were investigated across four hypothetical scenarios spanning healthy/sick, older/younger, male/female and married/single performers. Performance input was varied across scenarios (equal or unequal), as was the competitive or cooperative nature of the male/female scenario. In the study 392 male and female subjects rated their agreement with the equal allocations and indicated how they would allocate rewards themselves. They also completed the Schwartz Value Survey, enabling classification of values into domains reflecting different value content and individualistic or collectivist interests. Results showed that subjects were more likely to favour equal allocations when performance input was equal rather than unequal and when the male/female scenario involved cooperation rather than competition. Subjects were biased in favour of like‐sex higher performers when allocating payments to male and female stimulus persons who were in competition. Subjects' agreement with the equal allocation in the healthy/sick scenario and the amount of their own allocation to the sick performer were both positively related to the strength of their prosocial and spirituality values but negatively related to the strength of their power, stimulation and hedonistic values. These findings are interpreted as indicating the effects of situational factors, allocation norms, social identity and value priorities on reactions to equal allocation

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00913.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Research procedures which constitute a significant reorientation towards relational rather than individually focused methods are critically reviewed. A novel ‘paired interview’ strategy, consistent with this relational paradigm, is employed in two research studies. The first study involves the analysis of 18 mother—adolescent son/daughter relationships at the time when the young people had just left school at the age of 16. A relationship typology was developed for these 18 pairs and it is demonstrated that the themes of conflict, independence and interdependence can be operationalized using this procedure. The second study involves the analysis of 25 mother and post‐adolescent daughter relationships to test the proposition that such relationships are inherently conflicted. Taken together, the two studies demonstrate that mothers and daughters arenotchronically conflicted in their relationships. Nevertheless, the potential for conflict may be a significant element in accounting for girls' adolescent development. However, on entering early adulthood, the young women typically reach a state of ‘interdependence’ with th

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00914.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This research investigated whether it is possible for charity advertising campaigns to stimulate donations successfully as well as to represent people with disabilities as valued human beings. Thirty‐eight subjects were required to rank 10 MENCAP posters along 15 bipolar constructs using a variation of the Q sort procedure. Constructs included feelings such as pity, guilt and sympathy, constructive helping behaviours such as giving money and time, and perceptions such as having rights, value and capabilities.Correlational, cluster and factor analyses suggest that images which elicit the greatest commitment to give money are those most closely associated with feelings of guilt, sympathy and pity and are negatively associated with posters which illustrate people with a mental handicap as having the same rights, value and capability as non‐handicapped persons. The implications of these findings with regard to advertising and the principle of normalization (social role valorization) are discus

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00915.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In her annual speech to the nation the Dutch Queen presents government policies for the coming year — policies with which she does not necessarily agree. A discrepancy between the opinions of the government and those of the Queen could evoke tension which would be expressed in the non‐verbal behaviour of the Queen during the presentation. It was expected that in 1985 such a discrepancy would occur and would be expressed in more speech disturbances, object manipulation, higher pitch and less looking up from the paper than in earlier years. Differences in speech disturbances, object manipulation and looking up were indeed observed; the expected pitch differences, however, were not found. The implications of the results are discus

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00916.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We investigated the role of ethnic stereotypes and facial asymmetries in attributions to unfamiliar faces. Stereotypicality ratings of adjectives were collected and compared with attributions of those adjectives to left and right hemiface (from the model's perspective) composites of Chinese and Caucasian faces made by Caucasian subjects in a previous study (Rhodes&Lynskey, 1989). Stereotypicality correlated significantly with attribution frequency for other group (Chinese) faces only. Face asymmetries also influenced attributions:happy, cheerfulandexcitablewere selectively attributed to left hemiface composites (for both Chinese and Caucasian faces);coldandcruelwere selectively attributed to right hemiface composites (for Caucasian faces only).

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00917.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00918.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY