摘要:

Social psychology is concerned with the effects of the presence of others; the study of social facilitation, which specifically addresses such effects, should therefore be identifiable as the central focus of the discipline. However, since Zajonc's (1965) seminal integration, this field has been dominated by the asocial drive‐theoretical interpretation which he proposed. This interpretation is challenged on five main grounds: that it fails to explain adequately the early findings in the field; that the most influential subsequent tests of it are unsatisfactory; that a large number of studies which appear to contradict it have gone uncited and unheeded; that Hull‐Spence drive theory is problematicper se:and that its application to the core of social psychology is inappropriate and has led to an impoverished conceptualization of the fi

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1982.tb00549.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The correlations between attitude scales and behavioural criteria were studied. A multiple act criterion was found to be more predictable than the average predictability of single criteria. The predictability of single criteria was related to the domain representatives of criteria and how much act performance correlated with rated social desirability of the act. Domain representativeness was uncorrelated with the correlation between act performance and social desirability. Perceived diagnostic properties of acts were also related to attitude‐criterion correlation

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1982.tb00550.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two studies are reported which tested the hypothesis that eye‐gaze discriminability declines with increased interpersonal distance and that this decline produces an overestimation bias. Signal detection theory was used to provide separate indices of discriminability and bias. Discriminability declined with both increased distance and, in one study, with decreased lighting. The tendency of the subject to guess that gaze was occurring when it was not mirrored the changes in discriminability, supporting the hypothesi

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1982.tb00551.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Previous research has shown that similarity of values can significantly enhance interpersonal attraction. The present study sought to refine and clarify this finding within the context of friendship development. The relationship between value similarity and friendship choice for subjects was examined cross‐sectionally after three periods of acquaintance: 1–2 months, 4–6 months, and 12+ months. Two factors, namely the importance of the values to the subjects and the uncommonness of the similarity for them, were hypothesized to affect this relationship. The hypothesis was supported. A further hypothesis was that the salience of these factors for subjects was dependent upon factors that related to the length of their friendships. The results offered only marginal support for this hypothesis. Additional data on unreciprocated friendship choices are presented. The results are discussed in relation to the hypothesized predictive function (to reduce interpersonal risk or uncertainty) as well as the supportive function of value similarity, and the wider implications of the results are consi

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1982.tb00552.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Psychological studies on poverty have taken two forms: an investigation into the psychological processes characteristic of the poor, and the nature and range of lay explanations for poverty. This study concerns aspects of the latter research area from an attribution theory viewpoint. Previous research in America and Australia has indicated that people tend to attribute poverty to societal influences, personal responsibility and personal misfortune, and that various demographic factors are associated with different patterns of explanations of poverty. Sex differences and voting patterns were investigated in the explanation of poverty in general, and also among certain groups in particular, which were distinguished by race and class. Voting pattern but not sex differences led to a clearly different and predicted pattern of explanations arising. Conservatives found individualistic explanations for poverty more important than Labour voters, who in turn found societal explanations more important than did Conservatives. Fatalistic explanations showed no difference between groups and were not rated as important in explaining poverty. Results were discussed in terms of the psychology of explanations; political socialization and implications for education were also noted. The limitations and difficulties in research of this kind were discussed.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1982.tb00553.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The aim of this paper is to study the relationship between violence and characteristics of the individual and of the social context. As part of the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, which is a prospective longitudinal survey, 389 youths were interviewed at age 18–19 and asked to give accounts of fights. A distinction was drawn between individual fights—in which the youth was usually provoked, got angry, and started the fight, and group fights—in which he often went to the aid of a friend, and which were more likely to involve weapons, produce injuries, and bring police intervention. Group fights were associated with frequent fighting and aggressive attitudes. The more aggressive and more frequent fighters came from deprived backgrounds (poor, large families) and had socially deviant life‐styles as young adults (involving delinquency, drug use, sexual promiscuity and an unstable job record). While the extent of aggression reflected background and life‐style, the characteristics of any particular aggressive incident depended upon the individual or group socia

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1982.tb00554.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1982.tb00555.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1982.tb00556.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1982.tb00557.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1982.tb00558.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY