摘要:

Following announcements of plans for a new nuclear power station in south‐west England, local residents were sent questionnaires in which they were asked to give estimates, in percentage terms, of the present, future (2000 AD) and ideal contributions to the UK electricity supply of different energy technologies. In Expt 1, 184 subjects rated five technologies (plus an ‘other’ category), and 10 months later they were split into five groups, each of which had to rate only one of the technologies previously presented. In Expt 2, three versions of the questionnaire were used, requiring ratings of (a) nuclear only, (b) nuclear, coal, plus ‘other’ and (c) eight technologies (including nuclear and coal) plus ‘other’. These were first completed by 220 subjects; six months later a subsample of 134 were each sent one of the two versions other than the one they had previously completed. In Expt 3, 164 subjects gave ratings, in four conditions, of (a) nuclear only, (b) coal only, (c) four technologies plus ‘other’ and (d) seven technologies plus ‘other’; the order of ratings was also changed with preferences first, present estimates second, and future predictions third. Broadly, all three experiments showed that the more technologies subjects had to rate, the smaller were the percentage ratings they gave to any single technology. These findings are considered in relation to context effects in judgement, and to the availability heuristic. Implications for interpretation of opinion poll f

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00790.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study aims to relate causal explanations for men's and women's achievements to implicit theories held about sex stereotypes. Two different methods were used: one following Weiner's two‐dimensional attribution model, and another expressed in terms of attributional semantic space. The classical analysis, in terms of locus of causality and stability, replicated previous results and did not show differences between male and female observers. However, the second method showed that men and women use different vocabularies and call up different representational elements when they have to explain male and female achievement. Further, whereas males discriminate the performance of another male from that of a female, females evaluate the performances of males and females similarly. The use of free responses under a spontaneous model is discussed. Although not without disadvantages, this method is more sensitive to the implicit theories of the judges than are the classical one

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00791.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three studies examined the relationship between self‐esteem and responses to periodic decline in close relationships. A four‐category typology of responses to dissatisfaction was utilized:exit— actively destroying the relationship;voice— actively and constructively attempting to improve conditions;loyalty— passively but optimistically waiting for conditions to improve; andneglect— passively allowing the relationship to deteriorate. It was hypothesized that individuals with stronger self‐esteem would attempt to solve problems in a more active fashion — with exit and voice — whereas those with weaker self‐esteem would react to problems in their relationships in a more passive manner — with loyalty and neglect. The relationship between self‐esteem and generalized problem‐solving styles was explored among university students in study 1, and among adults residing in the local community in study 2. Study 3 explored the relationship between self‐esteem and actual problem‐solving behaviour in the relationships of lesbians, gay males and heterosexual women and men. Consistent with predictions, a meta‐analysis of the results of the three studies revealed that individuals with stronger self‐esteem were more likely to engage in active exit behaviours and were less likely to react with passive neglect. However, self‐esteem was only weakly promotive of loyalty and was unrelated to voice behaviours. Thus, self‐esteem is an effective predictor of negative problem‐so

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00792.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Role innovation, the introduction of significant new behaviours into a role, has been a topic of interest in three diverse social science literatures, but few studies have been conducted in field settings. A longitudinal study of job change among 1700 male and female British managers is reported in which theoretical predictions about role innovation deriving from Nicholson's (1984) theory of work‐role transitions are tested. Self‐concepts and role requirements are examined as predictors of change in reported role innovation following work‐role transitions. The relationships between role innovation and reported post‐transition satisfaction and personal change are also examined. Job discretion and growth needs emerge consistently as predictors along with previous role innovation. The association between role innovation, satisfaction and personal change suggests that opportunities to role innovate contribute to psychological well‐being at work and are exploited by those individuals who are also able to adapt themselves to their environments. The findings imply the need for modification of existing theory by incorporating social and motivational factors and suggest the value of typologies of role i

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00793.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present paper blends theories and insights from the study of organizational decision making and problem solving into the more general topic of creativity. Psychologists have long used self‐report personality scales to measure creativity. Such scales, however, tend to yield contradictory and inconsistent findings. Kirton has proposed that a distinction needs to be made betweenlevelof creative ability andstyleof creative action. Failure to distinguish these two aspects of creativity may underlie the contradictions and inconsistencies associated with many creativity measures which confound level with style. Data from 96 college students were used to evaluate correlations between the Kirton Adaption—Innovation Inventory, a measure of creative style, and four other scales: What Kind of Person Are You, Something About Myself, and the Jackson Personality Inventory Innovation and Risk Taking subscales. As expected, most of the intercorrelations were positive and moderate in size indicating that the three creativity scales mix level with style to different degrees where they should provide measures of a clear, precise conc

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00794.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Recent research (Hogg&Turner, 1985a, b) favours asocial identityrather thangroup cohesivenessanalysis of group behaviour and psychological group formation. It is argued that individual behaviour is transformed into group behaviour by the cognitive process of self‐categorization, and that the content of the behaviour depends upon the particular social categorization being employed. The present article examinesself‐categorization theoryby experimentally varying sex‐category salience for 60 male and 60 female British university students, and monitoring the effects on self‐stereotyping (self‐description in terms of an individual's situation‐specific own‐sex stereotype) and other behavioural and evaluative measures of group behaviour. It was predicted that under conditions theoretically expected to accentuate the salience of sex (intersex collective encounter as opposed to intrasex dyadic encounter), self‐categorization, self‐stereotyping and group behaviour should occur, and that the specific content of this behaviour would be predictable from the nature of the social relations between the sexes. The results revealed that increased salience was associated with self‐categorization and self‐stereotyping, and that under these conditions males were less ethnocentric and experienced higher self‐esteem than females. These findings are consistent with the hypotheses, and thus provide evidence for both self‐categorization theory and the related salience hypothesis upon which the experimental operationalization of salience was based. Suggestions are

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00795.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Discrepancies between people's self‐image and other people's image of them are related to the two conditions of (a) looking in a mirror (a basis of self‐image) vs. (b) looking at another person. Photos from the two conditions were judged for likeness and there was a significant interaction between condition (mirror vs. camera) and rater (self vs. other) in the case of ‘friendly’ facial expressions. Subsequent ratings revealed that faces were less expressive in the mirror condition. These findings are discussed in terms of a model relating facial expressiveness to different types of feedback received under the two con

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00796.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00797.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

One hundred and fifteen subjects completed Hood's M scale, a measure of reported mystical experience, and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, which measures introversion/extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism, and a lie score. No significant correlations were found between mysticism and the scales of the EPQ, nor could mysticism be predicted by multiple regression, either by the EPO scales with sex and age, or by the EPO scales controlling for sex and age.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00798.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00799.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY