摘要:

Summary.Extraversion, as tested by Eysenck and his followers, is found on average to increase from 7 years to 13 years, and to decrease from youth to middle age; there appears to be a peak normally at 13 or 14 years. On the other hand, general ability increases until the twenties. If we assume that a person who is ahead (or behind) in one of these developments is also likely to be similarly ahead (or behind) in the other development, then this explains a general finding asserted by Eysenck and Cookson (1969) and others in thisJournal, namely that the correlation between extraversion and ability is positive in young children and negative in older pupils and students. Some other, related, findings are also explained in the same way.

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1973.tb02261.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The responses of first and second year secondary pupils on the JEPI and a Behaviour in School Inventory were cluster analysed. Four clusters emerged which were internally homogeneous and stable over time. These are described and related to ability, achievement and motivation measures. It is postulated that two dimensions underlie the cluster pattern—adjustment and compliance. This is interpreted in terms of previous research. The meaningfulness of the JEPI dimensions in the school setting is discusse

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1973.tb02262.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The ways in which teacher‐pupil contacts are distributed between 179 pupils in five first‐year junior school classes are examined. Inequalities of distribution are demonstrated, and evidence from teacher ratings suggests that the children receiving high levels of contact are either active, bright, personable children, or active, duller, miscreants. Different kinds of contacts are received by these two groups of child

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1973.tb02263.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.Multiple regression techniques have been used very infrequently to define samples of children with reading difficulties. Earlier studies have shown that children with specific reading retardation differ from generally backward readers on sex distribution, IQ distribution, and other factors. The present paper reports preliminary results of a five‐year follow‐up of disabled readers and provides evidence that whilst the prognosis for any reading disability is poor, children with specific reading retardation have a poorer prognosis than backward readers. The distinction between backwardness and retardation in reading is therefore seen to be both meaningful and of prognostic importa

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1973.tb02264.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.TWO experiments were conducted to investigate possible differences in observed conservation of number due to the stimuli utilised. In the first experiment, 20 kindergarten, 20 first grade, and 20 second grade subjects were given Piaget's one‐to‐one correspondence experiment: one half had trials with small candies (Smarties or M and Ms) followed by trials with paper clips and one half had trials with paper clips followed by trials with small candies. Significant F ratios were found for the main effect, grade, and for the interaction between stimulus and order of presentation. This result was taken as indicating that when small candy trials were first, this helped performance on the paper clips, while when paper clip trials were first, this had a slight opposite effect on the small candy trials.The second experiment investigated the three suggested interpretations of the findings of the first experiment: according to learning theory, according to an attentional hypothesis, and according to Piaget's theory of equilibration. The results tended to support the first two interpretations. The implications of the results of the two experiments, for Piagetian training studies and for education, were discus

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1973.tb02265.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.In this paper clinical and experimental studies reported in the decade 1962–1972 relating to general intellectual functioning and to specific cognitive deficits in children with spina bifida and hydrocephalus are reviewed.The introduction gives a short account of the extent and nature of the disorders. Next follows a section on general intellectual findings, these rather ‘global’ studies indicating that the largest group of spina bifida children are likely to have a fairly severe physical handicap with associated hydrocephalus and to fall in the IQ range 70–90. The third section is concerned with verbal ability in general, and short‐term verbal memory in particular, and the fourth with specific cognitive deficits as regards visuo‐spatial perception, tactile perception and visuo‐motor ability. Finally, the implications of these studies for research and educational placement

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1973.tb02266.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.A sample of 520 student teachers (344 females and 176 males) in eight colleges of education, completed an anglicised version of the Mehrabian need for achievement scale, a questionnaire measure in parallel male and female forms, together with other personality and attitudinal schedules. In four separate validation studies the Mehrabian scale was found to differentiate between students in terms of their self‐images, their intellectual achievement responsibility, and their occupational aspirations. The Mehrabian scale is an objectively‐scorable, easily‐administered measure of n'ach against which performance criteria can be established. Its use in future studies of student motivation is recomm

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1973.tb02267.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.A 40‐item chemistry‐based ‘cognitive preference test’ was developed and administered to 284 students subsequent to their study of O‐level chemistry, in an attempt to identify preferred modes of attending to scientific subject matter. The results allow two major cognitive styles scales to be formulated: the first measures students' ‘scientific curiosity,’ i.e., their willingness to extend their knowledge of chemistry beyond existing confines; the second scale measures students' orientation towards the ‘pure’ or ‘applied’ science side. Cognitive styles were found to vary considerably with academic ability in chemistry: high achievers are strongly inclined towards further learning of the subject and oriented towards the ‘pure’ science domain. Low achievers display th

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1973.tb02268.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of self‐discovered imagery, experimenter‐supplied images, and verbal definitions on the retention of definitions of nouns. Eighty‐seven fifth‐grade children were randomly assigned to the three conditions and given 16 definitions to learn. The children were instructed to read and learn the definition of each word: (1) by discovering an image and drawing a picture of it, or (2) by tracing an illustration of the definition, or (3) by copying the written definition. Recall on a multiple‐choice test administered one week after instruction was statistically significantly better (P<·05) for subjects in the imagery‐discovered condition than for subjects in the verbal definiti

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1973.tb02269.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.TWO groups of severely subnormal children were studied, an experimental group of 11, and a control group of 10 children. The experimental group was given daily instruction with Level P of the Peabody Language Development Kits. Both groups were pre‐and post‐tested on some subtests of the Illinois Test of Psycho‐linguistic Abilities. After an experimental period of 10 months, the experimental group showed significant gains over the control group on the ITPA subtest scores. Some caution is advised in interpreting these re

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1973.tb02270.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY