摘要:

Summary.Since factor analytic evidence on personality structure in young children is still uncommon and incomplete, an independent, checking analysis is presented on the excellent data gathered by Digman, on 102 seven and eight year‐olds, by use of behavior ratings on a standard set of thirty‐nine bipolar ‘marker’ traits.The general agreement with Digman's findings is good, seven of his eleven factors closely matching seven of the twelve here, in ‘blind’ rotations. However, where there are differences, the technical points by which differences in factor analyses may be evaluated are illustrated. In particular, the differences of interpretation are evaluated, for the present writer's factors A, cyclothymia; C, ego strength; D, excitability; E, dominance; and so on to O, guilt proneness, are more exactly confirmed here. This better confirmation coincides with (a) a higher hyperplane count (mean 70 per cent.), and (b) a higher statistical significance of simple structure by the Bargmann test. However, the differences of the independent analyses are small compared with the agreements.The study has relevance also to the cross‐cultural constancy of personality factors, in that the subjects were roughly half Japanese, half Caucasi

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1963.tb00585.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.In the Brook Reaction test an attempt is made to assess the subject's interests. Words potentially denoting one of six selected interests were, in this experiment, presented consecutively to an experimental group, and in randomised order to a control group. Some degree of mental set was induced in the experimental subjects, reaching significance level in the case of one interest only.

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1963.tb00586.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.This paper describes the responses of children to twenty science questions and relates these responses to age and ability represented by scores on a verbal and non‐verbal test. A relationship is established for certain types of question between their facility values and the grades obtained by the children on the criteria. Rate of growth of scientific knowledge is found to be similar for boys and girls; boys and girls of 10 years of age show no significant differences in knowledge of science concepts but there is significant differentiation in secondary school childre

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1963.tb00587.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.Moreno's sociometric test technique was used to measure cleavage in the school‐leaving classes of four parallel‐medium high schools. On the basis of an analysis using sociograms and statistical tests, the two culture groups in the schools were found to co‐operate in the environmental organisation of the schools, although many friendships between the groups were not made. The leaders were found to initiate contact in the environmental organisation of the schools and it is suggested that this contact leads to friendship

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1963.tb00588.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The present study concerns the problem of the learning effects of projected pictures when used as instructional aids and the validity of measurement techniques in media research.Two hypothetical functions of pictures are discussed: The ‘information value’ and the ‘motivation value’ of the instructional material.In order to study the information value of pictures, three experiments were designed to test the following hypotheses:The method of testing defines which part of the retention (verbal or pictorial) we intend to measure, andA method of testing, adequate to the mode of presenting the information, covers a larger part of the total retention than a method that is inadequate to this mode.Different materials were constructed in order to give the subjects verbal or pictorial information and to measure retention. The results supported the hypotheses. At the same time the experiments suggested that, under the circumstances studied by the authors, pictorial learning was superior to verbal l

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1963.tb00589.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.Samples of 12–14 year‐old British and American children were tested with Cattell's HSPQ, and their mean scores compared on fourteen personality factors and two second‐order factors (extraversion and anxiety). Significant differences were found on a number of factors and, in particular, the British children were found to be less sociable, more assertive and less conscientious. The pattern of prediction of school achievement was compared, and the same factors were in general found to be related to school achievement in both coun

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1963.tb00590.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.Most of the few tests designed specifically to investigate intra‐family relationships are based on psycho‐analytic concepts. A picture projective technique is described, which is based upon the simple theory that a child in a friendly environment, will draw upon his own experience to describe the activities of figures in ambiguous pictures. The pictures have been drawn to the authors' specifications. They show six basic family scenes which are replicated three times. This replication provides an internal check on the consistency of the replies. The accuracy of this technique was investigated by comparing the replies given to the pictures, with the information gained through psychiatric and other interviews with the families concer

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1963.tb00591.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The findings reported here—which are part of a much larger longitudinal project—deal with the drawings of a man made by thirty‐seven children at yearly intervals throughout their junior school career, i.e., between the ages of 7 to 10 years. A total of 148 drawings was analysed according to Goodenough's instructions. The intelligence quotients obtained from the drawings were intercorrelated: (a) with each other; (b) with the Stanford‐Binet Intelligence Quotients and; (c) with W.I.S.C. Verbal, Performance and Full Scale Quotients. An analysis of the fifty‐one items of the Goodenough Scale was also carried out to investigate whether or not there is a regular, annual increase in scores over the four‐year period.The findings suggest:1That for junior school children the longitudinal test‐retest reliability of the Goodenough Scale is too low for it to be regarded as a stable measure of intelligence.2That the Scale's validity is even lower, average correlations with quotients obtained from the Stanford‐Binet Scale as well as from the W.I.S.C. Verbal, Performance and Full Scale being in the region of ·2.3That its discriminating power between successive years is not entir

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1963.tb00592.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.Two groups of university students were allowed sixty minutes for Progressive Matrices (1947), indicating the point reached after forty minutes. One group began at item No. 1, the other group at item No. 21. Analysis of the data indicated that for about 13 per cent. of the sample, the score after forty minutes markedly underestimates the level the subject would be able to reach if given longer time. These subjects make few errors within the forty minute time limit, but attempt many fewer items than faster working students. It is suggested that records be scrutinized for such patterns and additional time allowed where necessary.

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1963.tb00593.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.An analysis of some of the educational and social factors associated with 492 police cases appearing in the Belfast Juvenile Court over a period of twelve months, showed the heaviest incidence of delinquency among children of secondary age in non‐selective schools. Differences in incidence rates between Roman Catholic and Protestant children were strongly associated with differences in socio‐economic status. Other factors appearing to facilitate delinquency were a low level of socio‐economic status, retardation in attainments, and possibly also particular age groups. Independently of the general socioeconomic level, the location of a school in one of the old, central, and socially declining, areas of the city was associated with a high delinquency rate. The quality of a school's morale was effective in a small but measurable degree in counteracting tendencies to delinquency. Ways of increasing the strength of this influence are briefly disc

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1963.tb00594.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY