摘要:

Summary.Intelligence tests could be even more valuable for educational predictions in the developing, than in Western, countries, because of the large variations in efficiency and linguistic background in different primary schools. But there may be serious problems in getting them across to unsophisticated pupils, especially with printed instructions only.An experiment was carried out with fourteen top primary classes in Tanzanian schools, where a short non‐verbal battery was given with printed, or minimal oral, instructions in English or Swahili. A second parallel form was taken after this practice or after various types of coaching. The mean improvement varied considerably in different classes and different subtests, and was affected by certain motivational or attitude factors. Oral instructions gave better mean scores than printed, and Swahili better than English. The overall rise with practice averaged 3 to 4 points in deviation I.Q. units, with coaching about 7 points. These figures are not unusually large, possibly because the pupils were already sophisticated to objective attainment tests. Thus they suggest that intelligence tests could be introduced with the same kind of familiarization procedures common in England, though the actual items should be constructed locally. Comparison of item difficulties with those found in England showed that abstract non‐verbal items may be perceived differently in different cultural gro

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1967.tb01943.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.Sixty‐three visual artists and twenty‐eight craft students were compared with a matched control group. Significant differences in mean scores between artists and controls were found on twelve factors of the 16PF test. On eleven of these twelve factors, the scores of the craft students were intermediate between those of the artists and the controls. Especially salient features of the artists' personality pattern were A – (reserved, schizothyme tendency), E+ (assertiveness, dominance), Q2+ (self sufficiency), G – (low emotional stability), Q3 – (low self‐integration, casualness), M+ (autistic or bohemian tendency) and G – (low superego strength). They also differed from the control group in being more suspicious (L+), more apprehensive or guilt‐prone (O+), and more tense or overwrought (Q4+). In terms of the second order factors, the artists are assessed as being slightly introverted though there is evidence of some contradiction, strongly anxious, experimenting, non‐moralistic, and s

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1967.tb01944.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.Data obtained from two grammar schools and six secondary modern schools in a fairly homogeneous area in Hampshire were analysed to discover the effects of season of birth on secondary school selection. It was found that a marked bias existed in stream selection in secondary modern schools, and that this remained constant up to school leaving. No significant bias was found in 11 + selection.

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1967.tb01945.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.Trends in road casualty figures among children in recent years are evaluated and interpretations suggested. The experiment reported here shows that the educator's conception of the function of the kerb drill, i.e., to detect traffic, is not reflected in its function as perceived by many young children, who in the experimental setting behave as though they regarded the performance of the kerb drill as in itself sufficient to ward off the dangers of the road. The experiment also demonstrates that the notions of directionality which the kerb drill presupposes are not those of 5–6‐year‐old children, who often regard ‘left’ and ‘right’ as parts of the environment rather than relations to the person. The ‘static’ conception of directionality becomes more frequent after exposure to a propaganda film in which the kerb drill exemplars perform faci

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1967.tb01946.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.Three versions of a programmed book(The Waterloo Campaign)were studied by groups of 15–16‐year‐old boys. The versions were: the originalbranchingprogramme;primepath frames only (branches omitted); continuoustext(multiple choice questions and branches omitted). The continuoustextwas associated with slightly superior immediate post‐test scores and slightly inferior delayed post‐test scores, compared with the other two versions. These differences were not statistically significant; nor were differences in attitude to the three versions. Study time was less in theprimethan in thebranchingversion and less than either of these in thetextversion. Study time differences were substantial and statistically significant. With all three versions the correlation between intelligence and attainment was statistically significant: it was highest in thetextversion and lowest in thebranchi

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1967.tb01947.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.Two hypotheses were examined as explanations of failures in children of 5 and 6 years of age, to change from sorting cards in one of two dimensions, either colour or shape, to sorting in the other dimension. The first hypothesis was that these failures are the result of a learned set to respond on the basis of one dimension, and the second was that they are caused by the subject's learning not to respond on the basis of particular stimulus aspects. The results of an experiment with two different types of material gave support for the second hypothesis.

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1967.tb01948.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.This article attempts to inject objective evidence into the arguments about co‐education. The rates of premature retirements of women teachers in mixed and girls' secondary schools are compared as rough indices of the level of nervous tension in such schools. The analysis includes data on the age distribution of women teachers, based on a national sample. As a byproduct is found an interesting difference in the rate of retirement from grammar and from secondary modern school

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1967.tb01949.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.An experiment was conducted in which the results of multiple‐choice and open‐ended techniques were compared on a test of vocabulary (Test E of the Self‐judging Vocabulary Scale). The subjects were two groups, each consisting of fifty naval ratings, equated on intelligence test AH 4. Group M took the vocabulary test in its multiple‐choice form immediately followed by the same test in open‐ended form; for Group O, the order was reversed.Significant differences were found between multiple‐choice and open‐ended scores, the former being substantially higher than the latter. The order in which the two forms of vocabulary test were taken was found to influence(a)the subjects' responses and(b)the association between intelligence test and vocabulary test scores. On both forms of the vocabulary test, the subjects' scores proved to be closely related to their self‐estimates of w

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1967.tb01950.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The New Junior Maudsley Inventory was administered to 394 schoolboys, of late primary school age, for whom teachers' behavioural ratings were also available. A series of comparisons were made between the two groups of boys rated as particularly well behaved, and particularly badly behaved. While the standard scales of the inventory had some power to discriminate between the groups, item analysis of the data gave new scales which were more meaningful for this population and which could be combined to give superior powers of discrimination. There was some evidence that the trait of extraversion could be considered as having a dual nature, and that the Lie scale represented not only a defensive ‘priggishness,’ but an inventory of an objective nature for self‐reported delinq

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1967.tb01951.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.Three categories of productive thinking measures were administered to retarded and non‐retarded children of equal mental age. There were no significant differences between retarded children in special class, retarded children in regular class and average children in regular class. The results are discussed in terms of future research and the implication for teacher‐training program

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1967.tb01952.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY