摘要:

SYNOPSISChlorineis an effective and reliable disinfectant whose use in the treatment of drinking water has ensured water of high microbiological quality. Although the benefits of chlorination are beyond doubt, the fact that chlorine reacts with many of the organic substances in raw waters forming some substances of potential risk to health has led to concern and has stimulated a series of investigations. These investigations have used a variety of approaches and techniques, including advanced organic analysis, epidemiology, and toxicology. The paper reviews this research and discusses some of the factors affecting the risks associated with drinking chlorinated water.

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1987.tb01190.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SYNOPSISThisPapercovers the design and construction of the sludge terminal at present being constructed at the site of the old Sandon Dock, in Bootle. From this terminal North West Water will base their future sea disposal operation of sewage works sludges from the Manchester, Warrington, and Liverpool areas.

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1987.tb01191.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SYNOPSISTheRemovalof heavy metals and aluminium residuals during upflow sludge‐blanket clarification was investigated using a pilot‐plant system. Pilot units treating predosed raw water on site were assessed for sludge‐blanket formation and stabilization, and were found to produce clarified water of a comparable quality to the main works units after the start‐up and stabilization periods were complete. The heavy metals Cr, Fe, Mn, and Ni were the only heavy metals detectable at the investigation site and these occurred at concentrations well below guidelines values for potable abstraction and supply.Mean removals of Fe, Mn, Cr, and Ni were about 98, 89, 51, and 30 per cent respectively, during steady‐state operation, and Fe, Mn, and Cr all displayed reduced removals during transient changes in surface load, whereas Ni removal appeared to be relatively independent. Aluminium residuals derived from the dosed alum coagulant also showed decreases in removal from about 83 per cent during steady‐state operation to between 40 and 50 per cent during transient

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1987.tb01192.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SYNOPSISA Series of: comprehensive studies have been carried out to identify potential water abstraction sources to meet future demands throughout the Grampian area, in Scotland. In the Moray and Banff coastal areas a new supply is to be developed to meet future increases in demand which have been predicted to be about 9 MVd by the year 2001, increasing to about 18.5 Ml/d by the year 2011.Grampian Regional Council has engaged Sir M. MacDonald&Partners, consulting engineers, to examine various options within the area and the consultant has concluded that the development of the alluvial gravels on the west bank of the river Spey immediately upstream of Fochabers would provide the Council with the best solution.The paper describes the various investigations undertaken. The main conclusions and results of the studies are briefly outlined in the following paragraphs.The alluvium was shown to have good water‐transmitting properties. The seismic refraction and borehole investigations confirmed the superficial deposits to be about 10 to 15 m. Test pumping of wells with associated piezometers proved the transmissivity values and storage coefficients of the aquifer and hence a suitable wellfield.The wellfield so identified extends some 2.8 km upstream on the west bank from the bridge across the river Spey at Fochabers, with an estimated reliable yield of 20 MVd. The water abstracted from the test wells was shown to be about 80 per cent river water which had been drawn into the aquifer. The contribution from the landward side could result in a reduction of the watertable affecting the yield of deep rooted crops (cereals and grass) over about one‐half the area one year in three.Examination of the water drawn from the wells confirmed it to be low in colour, iron, and manganese. The results were consistent and were of drinking quality. The mechanism causing the dramatic change in the water from river to well was thoroughly explored and found to be a biological process so ensuring that water qualities would be sustained.In conclusion, the various studies undertaken have shown that a consistent high quality water can be produced from the alluvial gravels of the river Spey near Fochabers in sufficient quantity to meet the needs of the lower Moray and Banff coastal areas of Grampian Region to the year 2

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1987.tb01193.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1987.tb01194.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SYNOPSISTheMostsignificant use of energy by the water industry is in the consumption of electricity, which is attributable to the many pumping operations under taken. For most water undertakings, this represents more than 85 per cent of all energy used and involves several millions of pounds expenditure per annum. Therefore pumping operations warrant particular attention in energy management approach.Energy management can be related as a requirement to check both the economics of operations as well as to improve energy efficiency generally. With this consideration. examples are given of changes that have been made to pumping operations which are compatible with satisfying increasing demands for pumping and operational flexibiity in an environment of rising energy costs.

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1987.tb01195.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1987.tb01196.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SYNOPSISTheCurrentStateof knowledge about Legionnaires' disease and Legionella organisms is reviewed briefly. The implications for water supply management and responsibility are discussed.Legionella organisms are present naturally in the environment in water and soil and, as opportunist respiratory pathogens which could occur indirectly in potable supplies, albeit in small numbers, they are of concern to water undertakings. They are a relatively uncommon cause of pneumonia, affecting mainly but not exclusively middle aged and elderly men, especially those with a history of recent travel. The organisms do not spread from one person to another but are acquired by inhalation of infected aerosols from environmental or man‐made water reservoirs. There is no evidence for transmission by ingestion. I n potable water Legionella organisms are therefore highly unlikely to constitute a direct hazard to health, and their presence does not mean that the supply is non‐potable or indeed unsatisfactory in bacteriological quality.Warm temperatures, stagnation and the use of unsuitable fixtures and fittings can provide conditions suitable for growth and subsequent incorporation of the organisms in aerosols from taps, showers, and other outlets. Significant hazards, however, are more likely to occur from hot‐water services and from recirculating cooling towers and humidifiers associated with air conditioning installations in large and often recently constructed buildings.Legionella organisms presumably must occur in sewage, but it is unlikely that subsequent environmental conditions would favour significant growth though little is known about this or their possible role in animal diseases or in agricultural practice. Their occurrence in water and sewage treatment works is highly unlikely to present any real hazard to workers. The main impact of these organisms for the future is likely to be in the design and engineering aspects of large buildings and their water‐related s

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1987.tb01197.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SYNOPSISWateris essential for the mining and refining of China Clay. This paper describes the industry and its methods of working and comments upon the sources of water, how it is used and its subsequent disposal as eftluent.

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1987.tb01198.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1987.tb01199.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY