摘要:

ABSTRACTThe EC bathing water Directive and the recent EC urban waste water treatment Directive have provided, and will continue to provide, a strong stimulus for the provision of environmental improvement through the upgrading of sewerage assets. The positive response by Lothian Regional Council to necessary improvements in the last fifteen years, and the proposed improvements in the next fifteen years, are reviewed against the background of financial constraints. It is suggested that parts of the urban waste water treatment Directive relating to estuarial and coastal discharges are not appropriate or necessary in the context of conditions in Lothian Region.

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1992.tb00714.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTCreosote‐contaminated groundwater contains a complex mixture of phenols, aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrogen‐, sulphur‐ or oxygen‐containing heterocyclic, aromatic compounds. One of the most important factors that limits the spreading of these contaminants in groundwater aquifers is degradation by subsurface micro‐organisms.This paper gives an overview of the present knowledge about microbial degradation of creosote contaminants under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Furthermore, various techniques for biological remediation of creosote‐contaminated groundwater are outlined. These techniques include enhancement of the native population of subsurface micro‐organisms to degrade the contaminants (in situtreatment) and withdrawal of the groundwater followed by treatment by various wastewater treatment processes (above‐gr

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1992.tb00715.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe shortage of land together with heavy industrialization in Japan makes incineration, and its associated process of sludge melting, favoured methods for the disposal of sewage sludge. The technology used in Japan for thermal drying of sludge and sludge incineration is similar to that used in other industrialized countries. The sludge melting processes which are used in a few installations are unusual. Most of the ash or slag which is produced from the burning of sewage sludge is disposed of by landfill, although an increasing amount of ash and slag is being disposed of by incorporation into construction materials.

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1992.tb00716.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSediments in the Chelmarsh pump‐storage reservoir have provided a valuable record of the137Cs levels associated with suspended particulates transported by the River Severn since 1965. The presence of Chernobyl‐derived137Cs and134Cs within the sedimentary record of the site, despite the absence of any direct fallout on the local area, confirmed that radiocaesium from the Ukrainian reactor accident has been mobilized from the upper reaches of the Severn basin where atmospheric deposition was relatively high. The incorporation of Chernobyl radiocaesium within these sediments can be used to date the 1986 fallout episode, and the established geochronology indicated variable rates of post‐1986 sediment accumulation. As radiocaesium is strongly bound to fluvial particulates, this mechanism of redistribution has not adversely affected the quality of the drinking‐water source at the site which was

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1992.tb00717.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA recently introduced EC Directive requires that soils receiving sewage sludge should be sampled to a greater depth (250 mm) than previously.The Water Research Centre foresaw the difficulties that could arise for responsible Authorities if they were to cope with the extra workload and maintain the quality of sampling, and therefore it funded the development of an automatic sampler.This report traces the development of the sampler which was mounted on an all‐terrain vehicle, and illustrates its suitability for the task by reporting one year's operating experiences. Work rates have been up to eight times those with hand sampling.A production machine from the first batch is also describe

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1992.tb00718.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTDuring the last two years significant policy and legislative developments have taken place in the UK and in the EC in respect of sewage treatment and disposal and the dumping of sewage sludge at sea. Details of the UK Government's sewage‐treatment initiative and its decision to stop the dumping of sewage sludge at sea by 1998 are described. An outline is given of the provisions of the EC urban waste water treatment Directive, in particular those provisions concerned with sewage treatment, trade effluent discharges from prescribed industrial sectors, and the termination of dumping of sewage sludge at sea. The implications of these developments for Scottish sewerage authorities are summarized and provisional estimated costs of meeting these new obligations are given. The opportunities available to contractors and equipment manufacturers are highlighte

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1992.tb00719.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe EC Directive (91/271/EEC) concerning urban waste water treatment has far‐reaching financial and technological implications for local authorities in Scotland which are responsible for sewerage. Increased capital consent limits and additional financial assistance from central government are essential if the requirements of the legislation are to be met.Although the Directive is welcomed in general terms, the sections of the legislation dealing with the identification of sensitive waters and the provision of primary treatment for coastal discharges to less sensitive waters are of limited environmental significance in Scotland.The elimination of sewage sludge disposal at sea will create severe difficulties for Scottish authorities as a high percentage of sewage sludge is currently disposed of at sea. Each of the main alternative disposal options presents environmental, financial and technical problems and, in the case of incineration, the certainty of widespread unpopularity with the publi

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1992.tb00720.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTLancashire County Council was one of the first local authorities in the UK to audit the environment of its locality and to review the environmental impact of its operations. The paper outlines the reasons for this and how it has been put into effect. The management structure devised to carry forward and coordinate the initiative is outlined first, encompassing elements internal to the County Council and the establishment of a Lancashire Environment Forum. Secondly, the preparation of a county‐wide state‐of‐the‐environment audit is described, together with the implementation stages which have ensued. The paper is completed by an account of the County Council's internal review of the impact of its own act

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1992.tb00721.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe Badenoch Group of Experts onCryptosporidiumrecommended that a survey should be made of river and borehole sources to assess the incidence of oocysts. This paper presents the results of a national survey of three river stretches and six boreholes carried out between January 1990 and March 1991. A total of 1754 samples were analysed and 266 (15%) of these were subjected to independent checks in reference laboratories. The results show a low incidence of oocysts in the sources (range 0–4 oocysts/1). One river stretch gave consistent positive results but with low concentrations (range 0.04–3 oocysts/1, n = 318). Parallel epidemiological studies showed a low incidence of cases in the community, none of which could be related specifically to water supplies. The concentrations of oocysts found are generally lower than those found in studies in the US particularly in comparison with published results for large industrialized riv

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1992.tb00722.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSince 1 April 1990, the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 have placed legal requirements on employers, employees and the self‐employed to take precautions against the risk of death or injury from electricity in work activities. This paper (a) examines the requirements, (b) reports on an initiative by the Lee Valley Water Company, and (c) proposes a management strategy for an organization to comply with the legislatio

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1992.tb00723.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY