摘要:

ABSTRACTIn 1985 the House of Commons Environment Committee expressed reservations over some of the waste‐management procedures followed by British Nuclear Fuels Ltd at their Drigg low‐level radioactive waste disposal facility near Sellafield in Cumbria. These reservations prompted the company to implement a £20 million programme of improvements aimed at maximizing site usage, reducing trench leachate arisings and redirecting to the Irish Sea.This paper provides information and test results associated with design considerations and initial dilution testing, respectively, of a computercontrolled long sea outfall system designed to discharge leachate to the Irish Sea. Information is also provided on difficulties experienced during construction of the out

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb00903.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe ion‐exchange nitrate‐removal plant installed at Isleham, Cambridgeshire was commissioned during 1990. A description of the plant and design considerations is given, together with operational data. The nitrate‐removal plant treats up to 4.5 Ml/d of chalk borehole water. Problems encountered are presented together with information on capital and operating

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb00904.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe year 1992 saw the successful implementation in Scotland of charging schemes which recover the cost of regulating authorized discharges into water and into the atmosphere. The new schemes recover from dischargers those costs of the regulatory authorities arising directly from the regulation of consented and authorized discharges. These costs were previously part of the country's overall public expenditure. The schemes operated by the river purification authorities are particularly fair because costs and charges are balanced for every individual discharger, rather than across the regulatory function as a whole. Charges therefore vary substantially both within and between river purification board areas, but a comparison of actual charges raised by the Forth River Purification Board with estimated National Rivers Authority charges indicates that the Scottish charges are generally lower. The absence of an incentive charging element contrasts with a recent recommendation of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution.

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb00905.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSince 1987 British Gas plc has undertaken an extensive programme of medium pressure (up to 2 bar) cast‐iron mains replacement in urban locations, using a variety of rehabilitation techniques.This paper describes the experience of North Thames Region of British Gas plc, over the period 1987–1991, when the rehabilitation of over 230 km of mains was undertaken in the size range 300–460 mm.The techniques which were used favoured medium density polyethylene pipe wherever possible. However, about 100 km of rehabilitation was undertaken using hoselining, usually where mains were larger than 460 mm dia., or where aboveground access was restricted, or if the mains configuration included many changes of direction.This paper deals with (a) various aspects of operating rehabilitation contracts from a public utilities viewpoint, (b) the special factors relating to the inspection and testing of hoselined mains including factors found to contribute to failure, and (c) some of the controls that have been introduced to improve reliability of rehabilitation sy

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb00906.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe use of measured toxicity for evaluating the effects of a chemical or effluent on the environment, or monitoring the performance of an effluent treatment plant, is becoming increasingly important to complement the analytical techniques which are conventionally used. Although many consents on effluent discharges refer to specific chemical components, regulatory authorities are increasingly realizing the value of toxicity measurements to evaluate a combined effluent effect, particularly in the case of complex effluent streams.This paper (a) describes the basic principles of conventional methods of measuring toxicity, (b) highlights the benefits and shortcomings of these methods, and (c) outlines some promising methodologies which are being developed. The use of these measurements is then discussed in evaluating treatment alternatives, modifying existing treatment plants and conducting treatment evaluations. Several case studies are outlined to illustrate the use of toxicological measurements in assessing industrial wastewater treatment processes.

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb00907.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTObservation boreholes are used to assess the degree of exploitation of aquifers, but if the borehole is open over a considerable depth of the aquifer the results may be misleading. The need for individual shallow and deep boreholes is illustrated by case studies of an alluvial aquifer. An examination of groundwater heads in deep and shallow boreholes in the Bromsgrove Sandstone aquifer demonstrates that deep boreholes respond mainly to the abstraction but a shallow borehole reflects the overall response of the aquifer.

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb00908.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe use of cement kilns for managing solid and hazardous wastes is facilitated by the high temperature, long gas retention periods, natural alkaline environment, minimum amount of waste produced and high thermal capacity. The main benefits include energy recovery, conservation of fossil fuels, reduction in cement production costs and the use of already existing facilities.The test burns conducted in cement kilns worldwide have demonstrated very high destruction efficiencies for most stable organic compounds, with toxic contaminants barely above the background levels.There are several cement plants in the US and Europe presently using solid and hazardous wastes as supplementary fuel. The application of this technology in Australia has been ignored in the past. An international conference (Kilnburn‘92) on the role of cement kilns in waste management was held recently in Australia and has enhanced the implementation of this technology in Australi

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb00909.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTCollections of chironomid pupal exuviae from the Oxford Canal were taken monthly from May to October 1991 at stations above and below the sewage effluent discharge at Kidlington, near Oxford.The chironomid exuvial assemblages showed clear changes reflecting the effects of the sewage, notably in the increased dominance ofParachironomus arcuatusandChironomus ripariusand other pollution‐tolerant species downstream from the effluent inflow. A return to the pattern of taxa seen in the upstream stations was noted below the next canal lock, 2.8 km downstream from the effluent discharge.Environmental quality indices, calculated according to the Chironomid Pupal Exuvial Technique, also reflected the effects of the sewage inflow.The results show that chironomid populations, as sampled by collecting pupal exuviae, are potentially valuable for monitoring organic pollution in canal

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb00910.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis paper describes (i) a long‐established, serious and growing problem in a part of the Anglian Region of the National Rivers Authority due to uncontrolled leakage of groundwater from old artesian boreholes (‘wild bores’) in the South Lincolnshire Limestone aquifer, and (ii) a remedial project recently undertaken by the Authority. The paper discusses (a) the nature of the problem and its implications for water resources, (b) the means employed to carry out the work, (c) environmental considerations, and (d) the results of the pr

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb00911.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTWater turbidity, surface temperature and circulation of Barton and Wroxham Broads, two of the Norfolk Broads, were studied using one reflective (TM1) and the thermal (TM6) TM band. The results indicated that the through‐flowing path of the River Ant in Barton Broad is the major influence on the distribution of these parameters. In Wroxham Broad, both turbidity and surface temperature displayed a uniform distribution. This could be explained by the absence of a predominant direction of flo

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb00912.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY