ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1989.tb01534.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1989.tb01535.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe background to and technical deficiencies of the EC Drinking Water Directive are discussed. Although the inadequacies of the Directive are becoming increasingly recognized, there is no doubt that it has had a major impact on the UK water industry, much of which will be beneficial in the long term. However, it has provided a significant challenge to water suppliers on technical and environmental issues, as well as in new areas such as publicity and customer awareness. The water industry should be seen to be responding to the situation vigorously and positively to meet the spirit of the Directive, whilst seeking technical refinements which will make it a more practicable piece of legislation for the future.

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1989.tb01536.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAn investigation of the literature on river‐channel changes in the UK reveals that the rate and extent of changes is much higher than was previously thought. In order to assess how widespread these changes are, and whether the rates and types of changes are typical, an historical survey has been carried out of the streams which drain the upland areas of England and Wales. This survey involved the comparison of Ordnance Survey 1:10,560 maps from approximately 1870 and 1950, and revealed that almost 35% of the rivers draining upland England have shown some pattern instability during this period.Great variety exists both in the types of channel planform changes and their extent: several rivers possess short isolated reaches of change separated by stable sections. This suggests the operation of thresholds of channel stability, and further research aims to identify these in terms of specific factors and condition

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1989.tb01537.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe theoretical basis underlying the development of a new series of water quality indices is outlined. The main features of their development are the incorporation of legally adopted water quality standards and criteria and the inclusion of information on potential water use and toxic determinands directly within their structural format. Thus an indication of a change in the economic potential of a river through a gradual change in water quality (and hence water use) can be obtained.The General Water Quality Index (WQI) has been applied to all the data for an annual or longer time series as a means of detecting cycles and trends in river water quality. An examination of the lowest determinand ratings for each data set highlights the specific determinand(s) responsible for these deteriorations. A 5 percentile WQI score has been calculated for the time series of data and 90 per cent upper and lower confidence limits calculated around this score.The results of these applications indicate the ability of the index accurately to reflect both changes in water quality and potential water use.

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1989.tb01538.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTL. pneumophilaserogroup 1 was detected in 12% of water sources used for the supply of drinking water in England in a survey carried out between September 1985 and June 1987. The bacterium, the causative agent of legionnaires' disease, was found more often in underground supplies in late summer–early autumn; the time of year when indigenous community‐acquired infections also increase in number. Using an immunofluorescent assay it was observed thatL.pneumophilacould survive conventional water treatment including disinfection with chlorine and, whilst being non‐culturable, retained its ability to colonize pipe surfaces and grow in the warmer water systems of buildings. Viability of non‐culturable legionella was demonstrated by heat shock. These findings confirm the importance of preserving water quality within buildings by good design, thorough maintenance, and careful operation of water systems, following the guidance issued by the Department of Health and the Health&Safety Ex

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1989.tb01539.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTUtilization on agricultural land is the principal outlet for sewage sludge in the UK, accounting for about 40% of the annual production. During the last 30 years current practice has developed to maximize the benefits to farmers whilst controlling potential problems of public nuisance, water pollution, pathogen transmission and soil contamination. Until now this has been achieved by Government guidelines but, in future, utilization of sewage sludge in agriculture will have a statutory basis following the implemention of an EC Directive in June 1989.A copy of the discussion to this paper, and a copy of the full version of the proceedings of the Symposium, can be obtained from the Institution's Headquarters.

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1989.tb01540.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis paper describes how the Clyde River Purification Board (the regulatory authority) and Bee‐cham Pharmaceuticals (the identified discharger) agreed and adopted a novel means of controlling a pharmaceutical plant effluent which is discharged to Irvine Bay, Scotland. Control was achieved by means of a consent (licence) condition requiring compliance with a laboratory test of acute toxicity, which was added to the more orthodox conditions already imposed upon the discharge. The new condition was derived using the concept, explicit in the environmental quality objective/environmental quality standard approach to pollution control, of an allowable mixing zone around the outfall. The derivation and validation of the condition necessitated laboratory and field bioassay, current measurements and dye releases, and the use of a plume development mode

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1989.tb01541.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTFor about eighty years the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) has remained one of the major indicators of organic pollution in the water industry.Whilst many adaptations and refinements have been made over the last 2–3 decades, one of the most significant was to suppress nitrification by the addition of allylthiourea (ATU) at 0.5 mg/1, thus ensuring that only carbonaceous oxidation was measured. Evidence has accrued to show that, for some situations, this concentration is insufficient to fully suppress nitrification.Poor stability is a problem with biochemical oxygen demand when samples have to be stored prior to analysis, and a method of storage is proposed which minimizes instability. As an empirical bioassay procedure, the accuracy of BOD can be poor compared with alternative methods such as chemical oxygen demand; and problems with incubator and refrigerator temperatures, the preparation of standards, and replacement batteries for dissolved‐oxygen probes are discussed.The aim of this paper is to show that these problems with biochemical oxygen demand can be eliminated, thereby retaining confidence in its

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1989.tb01542.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis paper describes a hydrodynamic mathematical‐modelling study to investigate the flooding problem and to recommend various flood‐alleviation measures for the White Cart Water on the southern side of Glasgow. The mathematical model covers 36 km of the White Cart to the tidal reaches at the confluence with the River Clyde, and includes 7 km of one of the major tributaries where regular flooding is also a problem. A key aspect of the study was the close proximity of the modelling team which permitted a close scrutiny of the river during high‐flow events. From these observations the team obtained a thorough appreciation of river behaviour during potential flood situations, which provided a reliable and comprehensive set of data for model calibration over a wide range of conditions. The proposals for flood alleviation have far‐reaching implications and require major capital expenditure. At present they are being examined by Strathclyde Regional Council in consultation with the many interested

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1989.tb01543.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY