摘要:

ABSTRACTStorm‐sewage overflows are one of the principal sources of urban river pollution in the UK. The paper (a) outlines the various possible pollutants and their effect on the receiving stream, and (b) identifies the features of individual overflow structures which are likely to lead to unsatisfactory performance. Since the rationalization and rehabilitation of storm‐sewage overflows should only be considered as part of a more general drainage area study, a strategy for rationalization is presented which identifies objectives for effective design and operation; it discusses, in particular, how chambers may be proportioned to give effective separation of visible pollutants. By combining field data with the results of model tests, a comparison of the performance of the main recommended types of overflow structure is given, together with a discussion of maintenance and safety aspe

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1990.tb01382.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the results of a series of load tests carried out on a variety of designs of boundary boxes which are intended for use as stopcock/water meter chanbers at domestic properties. A description is given of a test which has been developed at Loughborough University to measure the performance, under load, of the complete boundary‐box units in simulated site conditions. Three broad classifications of different design types are identified, namely rigid, flexible and sliding; and the load displacement characteristics of each type are presented and discussed. The effects of rate of loading and different backfill conditions are considered, and conclusions are drawn on suitable performance specifications under loa

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1990.tb01383.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAs a result of water losses reaching a high point of 16% in 1973, combined with a relatively high and increasing retail tariff, the Pinetown Regional Water Services Corporation embarked upon a programme to reduce losses to an acceptable level of about 10%. The programme involved: (i) the establishment of district metering throughout the distribution system; (ii) the replacement of certain retail meters; and (iii) the metering of new fire connections (other than those serving sprinkler installations). Further steps were taken to improve the situation and included: (a) the monitoring of minimum night flows, (b) regular sounding of distribution mains; (c) the establishment of a full‐time waste detection gang; and (d) with improved control valves becoming available, more effective pressure control of the system. The Corporation's computer was called upon to determine: (i) the monthly losses from each of the hundred or so districts; (ii) the life history, in graphical form, of retail meters under review; and (iii) a record of expenditure on leakage control. The paper describes the development of the methods used in leakage control, costing less than half a cent per cubic metre of water purchased, and outlines the practical experience gained in reducing losses from 16% to less than 5% over a period of 14 year

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1990.tb01384.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe paper reviews background data on chlorinated solvents and all published data on chlorinated solvents in UK groundwaters. New data from an aquifer‐wide survey of the organic water quality of the Birmingham aquifer (carried out by the University of Birmingham and the Water Research Centre (WRc)) show that contamination by chlorinated solvents is extensive and is greater than that observed in previously published UK studies. Trichloroethylene contamination is particularly apparent in the Birmingham aquifer, with 40% of the boreholes sampled containing waters above the new UK limit for this contaminant. Fortunately the Birmingham aquifer is not used for public supply. Land use and hydrogeological factors are shown to influence the contamination observed in particular boreholes. The difficulties associated with locating contaminated zones in aquifers, due to the immiscible flow of chlorinated solvents, are indicated. It is concluded that the occurrence of chlorinated solvents in groundwaters makes a significant contribution to the poor water quality of many UK aquifers that underlie, or are close to, urban and industrial area

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1990.tb01385.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe paper describes the role of asset management in the UK water industry. An asset management plan is directed to capital works and other expenditure associated with maintaining the condition and performance of the utility's assets. The six parts of an asset management plan are described, together with an outline of the broad considerations necessary in the preparation of such a plan. This leads to a description of the role of asset management and a consideration of the impact on the utility organization.It is concluded that asset management planning provides an effective method of determining long‐term investment needs and is of major benefit in the day‐to‐day management of a ut

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1990.tb01386.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe South Staffordshire Water Company serves a population of 1.25 million within an area of 1502 km2. This paper describes how the Company employs new technology across a broad spectrum of its activities, operational, scientific and administrative, and how it has benefited from these applications. It demonstrates how available technologies have been investigated, adapted and developed to meet the Company's particular requirements for improved efficiency, new regulations and standards, and cost savings. The Company is a leading innovator in the use of new technology, and the paper illustrates how this success has been achieved through the encouragement and development of new ideas and the careful control and monitoring of new projects.

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1990.tb01387.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe Hydrological Operational Multipurpose Subprogramme (HOMS) scheme of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) consists of an international network for the transfer of packages of proven hydrological know‐how, with particular emphasis on helping developing countries. More than one hundred HOMS centres worldwide produce and supply information components and handle requests for components for use in their own countries. Details are presented of the organization and operation of HOMS, together with example case studies to illustrate its successful us

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1990.tb01388.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe growing importance of odour control and the failure of a high proportion of abatement schemes are discussed. A strategy for dealing with nuisance is presented, laying emphasis on a fully integrated approach, involving covering, ventilation design, and odour treatment. Some of the options for treatment are compared.

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1990.tb01389.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTGravel bed hydroponic (GBH) systems planted withemergent hydrophytes, such as Phragmites australis (the common reed), treat domestic sewage effluents to acceptable environmental standards in an economic and efficient manner. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), ammonia, and coliform bacteria can be reduced by over 90% and dissolved oxygen (DO) substantially increased. In temperate zones, such as Europe, GBH systems can be used to replace conventional small rural treatment works, and for tertiary treatment of final effluents. In tropical and arid zones, GBH systems can provide locally‐managed, cost‐effective alternatives to hightechnology systems which are inappropriate for use in developing countries. Portsmouth Polytechnic reed‐bed sewage treatment GBH projects in the UK and Egypt are discussed and current progress is ass

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1990.tb01390.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn response to the extraordinarily high profile currently maintained by algae, this paper discusses aspects of pure and applied research on eutrophication. In addition to restating a number of issues which were raised decades ago when the importance of this environmental problem was first recognized, the following aspects are explored using data collected mainly over the last 20 years and referring primarily to Scottish studies: (i) algal‐nutrient relations and the contrasting manner in which nitrogen and phosphorus enter freshwaters and are sequestered by planktonic organisms; (ii) estimates of the loadings of phosphorus to freshwaters from various sources; (iii) the effects on our perception of algal problems and the use to which the waters are intended; (iv) the extent and limitations of existing scientific knowledge about eutrophication, and its application to the formulation and execution of eutrophication control strategies; and (v) the arguments for maintaining in‐depth limnological surveillance program

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1990.tb01391.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY