ISSN:0264-3758    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-5930.1989.tb00384.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT The demand for bodily parts such as organs is increasing, and individuals in certain circumstances are responding by offering parts of their bodies for sale. Is there anything wrong in this? Kant had arguments to suggest that there is, namely that we have duties towards our own bodies, among which is the duty not to sell parts of them. Kant's reasons for holding this view are examined, and found to depend on a notion of what is intrinsically degrading. Rom Harré's recent revision of Kant's argument, in terms of an obligation to preserve the body's organic integrity, is considered. Harré's view does not rule out all acts of selling, but he too ultimately depends on a test of what is intrinsically degrading. Both his view and Kant's are rejected in favour of a view which argues that it does make sense to speak of duties towards our own bodies, grounded in the duty to promote the flourishing of human beings, including ourselves. This provides a reason for opposing the sale of bodily parts, and the current trend towards the market ethic in health care provis

ISSN:0264-3758    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-5930.1989.tb00385.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT Despite its excesses, sociobiology can make a useful contribution to ethics, if it is recognised that it need not impinge on free‐will, and if the ‘naturalistic fallacy’ can be avoided. This contribution is the central concept of evolutionary stability, and the implication which can be drawn from it, that concern for the future is a basic part of human nature. In stable societies, such concern is manifested as fear of change, or strict adherence to tradition, but modern ideas of progress have engendered a cavalier attitude to the more distant future, and current ethical systems cannot get to grips with duties towards future generations. It is suggested that the popularity of sociobiology and the present‐day interest in conservation both reflect an aspect of human nature which has too long been neglected by

ISSN:0264-3758    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-5930.1989.tb00386.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT Do physicians and nurses have an obligation to treat patients who are HIV‐positive? Although an initial review of the possible sources of such an obligation yields equivocal results, a closer examination reveals a clear obligation to treat. The current risk of job‐caused HIV‐infection is not sufficient to warrant a refusal to treat. This is so because there exist rationally justified, general social, as well as specific peer expectations, that health care professionals treat HIV‐positive patients. These expectations impose moral obligations on doctors and nurses. Moreover there is no sound libertarian argument entitling doctors and nurses to refuse to treat HIV‐positive patients. A morally appropriate identification with his or her role would disincline a health care professional to refuse treatment to an HIV‐positive patient. The likely source of such refusal is occupational alienation and an irrational reaction to A

ISSN:0264-3758    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-5930.1989.tb00387.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT It has been argued by some that the present non‐existence of future persons entails that whatever obligations we have towards them are not based on rights which they have or might come to have. This view is refuted. It is argued that the present non‐existence of future persons is no impediment to the attribution of rights to them. It is also argued that, even if the present non‐existence of future personswerean impediment to the attribution of rights to them, the rights they will have when they come into existence constitute a constraint on present actions. Both arguments build on a suggestion of Joel Feinberg's. Next, three arguments are considered which, while they do not highlight the non‐existence issue, are related to it. The view that the causal dependence, of (some) future people on present policies, erodes or weakens the claim that rights considerations should constrain our present actions concerning them, is considered and rejected. The view that future people can only have rights to what is available at the time at which these people come into existence is considered and rejected. So too is the view that the attribution of rights to future people involves, in virtue of resource scarcity, an unacceptable arbi

ISSN:0264-3758    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-5930.1989.tb00388.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT Aesthetic protectionists think nature worth preserving and protecting from harm on aesthetic rather than moral grounds. Their outlook can be compared with the drive to shelter and sustain artworks. As such, protectionists seem rather like curators. However, this kind of attention to natural objects leads to a minimisation of the significance of the naturalness of those objects. This raises questions about the protectionist's real regard for nature. By examining what in nature is aesthetically worthy of protection, and then asking how far one is entitled to go in one's protective mission, it transpires that protectionists have no special stake in sustaining the independence of nature. Indeed, its independence often conspires against their aims. Since that very independence is essential to the natural, protectionism is exposed as having no intrinsic regard for natur

ISSN:0264-3758    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-5930.1989.tb00389.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT Changing fashions in how the school curriculum is organised are sometimes seen as a regular shift from child‐centred to subject‐centred education, and back again. At the present moment, the British Government is enforcing ‘subject‐centredness’, partly as a reaction to criticism of declining standards attributed to less rigorous child‐centred approaches. On the other hand, other Government initiatives hark back to child‐centred principles. This apparent paradox is partly resolved through a closer analysis of one particular tradition of ‘child‐centred’ education, and of what is represented by ‘subjects’. Such analyses take us necessarily int

ISSN:0264-3758    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-5930.1989.tb00390.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT In this article I examine the concept ‘self‐exploitation’ and its use in criticising workers' co‐operatives. I argue that the concept is incoherent and that the kind of exploitation which members of workers' co‐ops actually face is ‘market‐exploitation’. Moreover, some of the criticisms of workers' co‐ops which are made by those who employ the confused concept ‘self‐exploitation’ are shown to be inapposite when ‘market‐exploitation’ is recognised to be the real problem. I conclude with a discussion of the reasons for the acceptance of the misguided concept ‘self‐exploitation’ by

ISSN:0264-3758    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-5930.1989.tb00391.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT This article attempts to show that affirmative action can be supported by the doctrine of double effect which recognises distinctions between desired and unintended effects such that the responsibility for acts falls on the side of the former rather than the latter. With this doctrine it may also be seen why affirmative action programmes cannot be simply equated with numerical quota systems, nor can they be called discriminatory, at least not under the definition of discrimination utilise

ISSN:0264-3758    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-5930.1989.tb00392.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT Agriculture, in the ubiquitous debate concerning the environment, is often accused of being environmentally destructive as if farmers are waging a war on nature. The article discusses the role of aggression, competition and killing in agriculture and concludes that those warlike characteristics are a necessary part of agricultural practice. The article stresses, however, that agriculture is not literally a war on nature and points to a number of unwarlike characteristics that also belong to agricultur

ISSN:0264-3758    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-5930.1989.tb00393.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY