ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-199520020-00001

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS

ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-199520020-00002

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

SummaryThis review examines recent studies on the effects of exercise on tendons in animal models. Although tendon adaptation to exercise has been described using histology, morphometry, ultrasonography and molecular biology, precise measurements of excess tendon loading during exercise protocols have not been reported. Only a few studies have attempted to evaluate the mechanical strength of exercised tendons. The long term effect of exercise on tendons appears to be positive, but researchers have suggested that periods of mechanical weakness occur in tendons during adaptation to loading conditions. Studies documenting changes associated with the terminal state of pathological tendons are also summarised. Unfortunately, there are no descriptions of tendon tissue in the early stages of overuse injury. Since blood flow is commonly implicated in the emergence of tendinitis, the final section covers recent work on blood flow and tendon physiology. Related research identifying cellular mediators (hyperthermia, hypoxia, and oxidative stress) involved in the development of tendinitis is also presented. Suggestions for further research into exercise loading and the development of tendon overuse injuries are made.

ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-199520020-00003

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

SummaryImprovements in laboratory techniques have allowed research related to exercise endocrinology to flourish. The emerging literature, however, is often inconsistent and contradictory. The discrepancies in research findings are possibly the result of poor control of confounding variables and/or inappropriate methodologies or analyses.Environmental and pretesting behavioural conditions must be standardised to minimise the influence of variables not directly related to the investigation. Environmental temperature and relative humidity, alcohol, caffeine and nicotine intake, prandial state, sleep deprivation and previous exercise can each alter hormonal responses to exercise. Both prescription and over-the-counter medications can also modify normal hormonal secretions thereby confusing exercise-induced findings.Specimen collection and analysis procedures must be controlled carefully. Changes in plasma volume related to postural changes or tourniquet-induced stasis can confound attempts to isolate exercise-related endocrine responses. The established circadian and rhythmical variations characteristic of many hormones need to be controlled. The specimen selection (plasma, serum, urine, etc), collection, storage and analysis procedures should be carefully planned and evaluated. The magnitude of haemolysis, analytical and biological variation must also be monitored.Isolating the hormonal perturbations resulting from a particular exercise variable can be very difficult. Exercise intensity, duration, mode, frequency and volume may each have specific effects on the endocrine changes seen with exercise and training. Furthermore, hormonal responses to exercise are dependent upon initial training status and fitness level.The statistical procedures and data presentation options selected to convey experimental findings can bias experimental results. The descriptive and inferential statistics to be used for data analysis should be preplanned and consistent with the underlying assumptions of the analytical procedure. Careful consideration should be given to the biological relevance of statistically significant findings. In some cases, data transformations (e.g. absolute vs relative changes, logarithmic) should be considered for analysis or presentation. Given the individual nature of hormonal responses to exercise, emphasis should be placed presenting individual data.Other considerations, including age, sex, racial origin and disease conditions need to be controlled for when trying to examine exercise-induced hormone changes.

ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-199520020-00004

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

SummaryGastro-oesophageal reflux is commonly found in the general population, and has recently been demonstrated to occur more frequently during exercise than at rest. This fact is significant to the substantial number of athletes who complain of exertional upper gastrointestinal symptoms and exercise-induced chest pain.A diagnosis of exercise-induced gastro-oesophageal reflux can be confirmed by means of ambulatory pH monitoring. A positive diagnosis allows for appropriate management of the individual. This can involve simple measures, such as recommendations for changes in diet, timing of meals, and nature of exercise. However, pharmacological intervention may be required.A decrease in morbidity associated with cardiac origins of exercise-induced pain can also be expected with a more comprehensive understanding of this pathology.

ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-199520020-00005

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

SummaryComplete midsubstance tears of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in skeletally-immature adolescents are being diagnosed and reported with increasing frequency. Conservative treatment of such ACL tears in junior high schools, subsequent meniscal tears, and very early osteoarthritis. Results of primary repair of the torn ACL and extra-articular reconstructive procedures have been disappointing.Intra-articular ACL reconstruction in young athletes approaching skeletal maturity using the autogenous patellar tendon graft gives excellent knee stability, and decreases the risk of meniscal tears. Athletes are able to return to competitive sports at their preinjury level.Here, the existing literature on the subject of midsubstance ACL tears in young athletes is reviewed, and guidelines for the management of ACL-deficient knee in this population are provided.

ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-199520020-00006

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS