ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-199520010-00001

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

SummaryVitamin E is an important intramembrane antioxidant and membrane stabiliser. Over the past 40 years, vitamin E supplementation has been advocated for athletes in the hope of improving performance, minimising exercise-induced muscle damage and maximising recovery. However, there is currently a lack of conclusive evidence that exercise performance or recovery would benefit in any significant way from dietary vitamin E supplementation. Exceeding current recommended intakes of vitamin E even by several orders of magnitude will result in relatively modest increases in tissue or serum vitamin E concentrations. Most evidence suggests that there is no discernible effect of vitamin E supplementation on performance, training effect or rate of postexercise recovery in either recreational or elite athletes. There is very little evidence, particularly involving humans, that exercise or training will significantly alter tissue or serum vitamin E levels. While there is some evidence that certain indices of tissue peroxidation may be reduced following dietary vitamin E supplementation, the physiological and performance consequences in humans of these relatively minor effects are unknown. Although there appears to be little reason for vitamin E supplementation among athletes, it does not appear that the practice of supplementation is harmful.

ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-199520010-00002

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

SummaryDelayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a sensation of discomfort that occurs 1 to 2 days after exercise. The soreness has been reported to be most evident at the muscle/tendon junction initially, and then spreading throughout the muscle. The muscle activity which causes the most soreness and injury to the muscle is eccentric activity. The injury to the muscle has been well described but the mechanism underlying the injury is not fully understood. Some recent studies have focused on the role of the cytoskeleton and its contribution to the sarcomere injury.Although little has been confirmed regarding the mechanisms involved in the production of delayed muscle soreness, it has been suggested that the soreness may occur as a result of mechanical factors or it may be biochemical in nature. To date, there appears to be no relationship between the development of soreness and the loss of muscle strength, in that the timing of the two events is different. Loss of muscle force has been observed immediately after the exercise. However, by collecting data at more frequent intervals a second loss of force has been reported in mice 1 to 3 days post-exercise. Future studies with humans may find this second loss of force to be related to DOMS.The role of inflammation during exercise-induced muscle injury has not been clearly defined. It is possible that the inflammatory response may be responsible for initiating, amplifying, and/or resolving skeletal muscle injury. Evidence from the literature of the involvement of cytokines, complement, neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages in the acute phase response are presented in this review.Clinically, DOMS is a common but self-limiting condition that usually requires no treatment. Most exercise enthusiasts are familiar with its symptoms. However, where a muscle has been immobilised or debilitated, it is not known how that muscle will respond to exercise, especially eccentric activity.

ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-199520010-00003

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

SummaryIllness and aging both cause many structural and functional alterations in the human body, rendering elderly people liable to overloading of the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems. It should, however, be kept in mind that immobilisation and inactivity have even more deleterious effects on structures and functions in the elderly than in younger adults. Most physically active elderly people are selected individuals with respect to their superior health and physical capacity compared with inactive persons of the same age, thus making it possible to further improve their physical capacity. They will, however, be affected by some of the drawbacks of physical overloading, mostly due to the diminished ability of aging body systems to adapt to high levels of loading. The safety margin of an exercise dose tends to decline with aging. Exertional injuries are common among the elderly, and are connected mostly with degenerative aging processes.Acute injuries are common in those elderly people participating in sport activities which demand high coordination, reaction time, and balance capabilities, such as ball games, down-hill skiing, and gymnastics. Muscle has been reported to be the most commonly acutely injured tissue among active elderly athletes. The lower extremities are the most susceptible to injury. A large proportion of injuries (acute and exertional) are mild and can be treated by brief cessation of training and competition activities. Some of the injuries are, however, long term and cause disability not only during training and competition, but also in the normal activities of daily living.It is important that these injuries are treated as soon as possible and in the most effective way, similarly to injuries suffered by younger people. In treating elderly people, it is most important to avoid the detrimental effects of immobilisation; this requires active treatment and rehabilitation with compensatory exercise therapy. The best ‘treatment’ for sports-related injuries is prevention. Good agility, technical skills, and cardiovascular and musculoskeletal fitness are important in injury prevention among the elderly. Appropriate training programmes, the use of safe and familiar equipment, careful warming up and cooling down, multiphasic training [including the training of neurophysiological functions (balance, coordination and reaction time)] and muscle strength are essential aspects of injury prevention.

ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-199520010-00004

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

SummaryAnkle injuries are common at many levels of athletic participation. A relatively recent approach in injury intervention is the use of prophylactic ankle stabilisers (PAS). PAS are used with the intention of reducing the frequency and severity of ankle injuries in a cost-effective manner. To date, 4 studies have been completed to determine the clinical efficacy of PAS. Although all of the studies have methodological limitations, a general consensus of agreement exists among the findings: PAS are effective in reducing the incidence of acute ankle sprains. However, the effect of PAS on ankle sprain severity remains unclear, as varying results have been reported. PAS do not increase the risk of knee injuries. The use of PAS for ankle injury reduction appears to be justified although further research is required.

ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-199520010-00005

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS