ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-199520060-00001

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS

ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-199520060-00002

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

SummaryBungee jumping is a recreational sport that has gained world-wide popularity since its inception in 1955. Over 2 million individuals have performed bungee jumps since that time. The injuries and deaths which have occurred have made safety an integral issue in the practice of the sport. Although early reports of significant injuries are infrequent, more recent investigations have indicated severe sequelae, including ocular haemorrhage, peroneal nerve palsy and quadriplegia. Reports of minor trauma have also been numerous. Aetiology includes natural forces, impact, technician error, equipment failure and repetitive stress. Free-falling approximately 60 to 120m (200 to 400ft) and then being jerked to safety at the last moment creates a certain amount of unavoidable, and almost desired, risk. A reduction in acute trauma may be possible with immediate changes in equipment, technique and regulations. Further studies are warranted to determine the future direction and safety of this recreational sport.

ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-199520060-00003

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

SummaryThe way in which exercise influences statural, hypertrophic and reparative growth is examined from the perspective of the human lifespan.Statural growth depends on a neuroendocrine programme which channels nutrient energy towards increments in lean body mass. Exercise can facilitate statural growth and is a necessary stimulus for reparative growth through its stimulatory effects on secretion of growth hormone (GH) and other anabolic hormones. An exercise-associated increase in GH secretion is a response to acute or prolonged exercise-induced fuel shortage that directs metabolism towards utilisation of lipids and promotes growth. Exercise can transiently block the expression of statural growth by competitively removing the necessary nutritional support for growth. Statural growth retardation can be corrected by catch-up growth, but stunting may also be permanent (depending on the timing and magnitude of the energy drain).Hypertrophic growth is less dependent on hormonal and nutritional support than statural growth, and exercise provides the necessary mechanical stresses for growth and remodelling of the musculoskeletal system. Excessive mechanical strain may suppress hypertrophic growth. The intermittent nature of exercise provides temporal organisation that is necessary for the normal operation of cellular growth processes.Exercise by pregnant women does not appear to influence fetal growth. Evaluation of the effect of exercise on growth of children and adolescents is complicated by nonrandom selection of individuals for participation in organised sports, and by lack of information on the magnitude of exercise-induced energy drain. Exercise is essential for regulation of body composition in adulthood. It provides mechanical and metabolic stimuli that are necessary for hypertrophy of the musculoskeletal system and increased GH secretion for reparative growth.

ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-199520060-00004

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

SummaryScuba diving is a high-risk sport; it is estimated that 3 to 9 deaths per 100 000 divers occur annually in the US alone, in addition to increasing numbers of cases of decompression illness each year. However, there has been a tendency within the diving community to de-emphasise the risks associated with scuba diving. While there are numerous factors responsible for the injuries and fatalities occurring in this sport, there is general consensus that many of these cases are caused by panic. There is also evidence that individuals who are characterised by elevated levels of trait anxiety are more likely to have greater state anxiety responses when exposed to a stressor, and hence, this sub-group of the diving population is at an increased level of risk. Efforts to demonstrate that selected interventions such as hypnosis, imagery, meditation and relaxation can reduce stress responses in anxious divers has not yielded consistent findings, and there is a need for systematic research dealing with the efficacy of selected intervention strategies.

ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-199520060-00005

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

SummoryThe differential diagnosis of pelvic pain and possible injury in the female athlete is quite broad and must include gastrointestinal and genitourinary aetiologies, as well as musculoskeletal injuries. These considerations reflect the anatomical complexity of the female pelvis.The pelvic bones house the lower gastrointestinal and genitourinary viscera and transmit stress from the lower extremities to the upper body. The innervation of the pelvic structures also complicates evaluation and diagnosis when somatic and visceral afferent information affects the athlete’s interpretation of pain. An algorithmic approach can facilitate evaluation and rehabilitation of pelvic injuries in the female athlete in the context of previously described mechanisms of musculoskeletal injury.

ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-199520060-00006

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

SummaryCervical cord neurapraxia is a transient, totally reversible phenomenon that results from compressive deformation of the spinal cord. It occurs as a result of developmental narrowing of the cervical canal, either as an isolated entity or in combination with degenerative changes, instability or congenital abnormalities. Uncomplicated stenosis of the cervical canal in an individual with a stable spine does not predispose to permanent neurological injury. Our data do not indicate a correlation between developmental narrowing and permanent neurological sequelae in a spine rendered unstable by football-induced trauma. However, there are data indicating that the occurrence of an episode of cervical cord neurapraxia is not a harbinger, or an indication of susceptibility to permanent neurological sequelae. Nevertheless, we recommend that continued participation in collision activities be restricted in individuals who have had a documented episode of cervical cord neurapraxia associated with (i) ligamentous instability; (ii) intervertebral disc disease with cord compression; (iii) significant degenerative changes; (iv) magnetic resonance imaging evidence of cord defect or swelling; (v) symptoms of positive neurological findings lasting more than 36 hours; and (vi) more than one recurrence.

ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-199520060-00007

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS