摘要:

A variety of infectious diseases can be transmitted during competitive sports. Modes of transmission in athletic settings include person-to-person contact, common-source exposures and airborne/droplet spread. This paper reviews the most commonly reported infectious diseases among athletes and discusses the potential for transmission of bloodborne diseases in sports. Guidelines are provided regarding measures to prevent transmission of infectious diseases in athletic settings, including hygiene and infection control practices, vaccination, and education of officials, coaches, trainers and sports participants.

ISSN:0112-1642    

出版商:ADIS    

年代:1997

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

&bgr;-Endorphin, a 31-amino-acid peptide, is primarily synthesised in the anterior pituitary gland and cleaved from pro-opiomelanocortin, its larger precursor molecule. &bgr;-Endorphin can be released into the circulation from the pituitary gland or can project into areas of the brain through nerve fibres. Exercise of sufficient intensity and duration has been demonstrated to increase circulating &bgr;-endorphin levels. Previous reviews have presented the background of opioids and exercise and discussed the changes in &bgr;-endorphin levels in response to aerobic and anaerobic exercise. The present review is to update the response of &bgr;-endorphin to exercise. This review suggests that exercise-induced &bgr;-endorphin alterations are related to type of exercise and special populations tested, and may differ in individuals with health problems. Additionally, some of the possible mechanisms which may induce &bgr;-endorphin changes in the circulation include analgesia, lactate or base excess, and metabolic factors. Based on the type of exercise, different mechanisms may be involved in the regulation of &bgr;-endorphin release during exercise.

ISSN:0112-1642    

出版商:ADIS    

年代:1997

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

The role of exercise in the treatment of cystic fibrosis has received increasing attention over the past 15 to 20 years. As a group, physical fitness is reduced for people with cystic fibrosis, although tremendous individual variability exists. Limitations in exercise performance appear related to the extent of lung disease and compromised nutritional status. Exercise testing with subsequent development of individualised exercise programmes offers this unique population an opportunity to attain the well-recognised benefits of exercise.

ISSN:0112-1642    

出版商:ADIS    

年代:1997

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

Team sports require players to perform multiple work bouts at near maximal effort, punctuated with intervals of low intensity exercise or rest for the duration of a game. Such activity patterns are associated with a significant loss of body water which has a negative impact on physical and mental performance, as well as temperature regulation. There are a number of ways in which sweat losses incurred during team sports differ from those measured during prolonged, continuous exercise. Firstly, the work rate in team sports is intermittent, largely unpredictable and random in nature. Second, analyses of various team sports reveal that such games are characterised by a high degree of inter and intraindividual variability in work rates between players from the same sport. Finally, team players are less able to anticipate sweat losses than athletes competing in events which involve prolonged, continuous, moderate intensity exercise. Yet, compared with most endurance events, many team sports offer frequent opportunities to ingest adequate volumes of fluid and thus prevent exercise-induced hypohydration. The present review details the findings of modern studies which have determined body water losses and fluid intake practices of athletes from a variety of team sports. Special considerations which influence sweat loss and fluid intake that are unique to team sports are discussed, and guidelines for sound hydration strategies during training and competition are provided.

ISSN:0112-1642    

出版商:ADIS    

年代:1997

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

The effects of diet- and exercise-induced weight loss on visceral adipose tissue (VAT) distribution in both men and women have been reviewed. In general, current knowledge is based on studies that have assessed the influence of diet alone on VAT in obese women. For every kilogram of diet-induced weight loss, the corresponding reduction in VAT expressed in absolute terms is ≈3 to 4 cm2, and in relative terms is ≈2 to 3%. Thus, a diet-induced weight loss of ≈12kg corresponds to a 30 to 35% reduction in VAT.Two studies that consider the effects of exerciseper seon VAT report conflicting results. There appears to be a resistance to VAT reduction in obese women, whereas exercise-induced weight loss is associated with significant reductions in VAT in men. It was also reported that in obese men, reductions in VAT induced by the combination of diet and exercise are not different from those observed in response to diet alone. It is unclear whether the results of these studies reflect a biological truth or are confounded by methodological problems associated with the control of energy intake and expenditure in free-living patients.Evidence suggests that changes in waist circumference and sagittal diameter are well correlated with corresponding changes in VAT. A 1cm reduction in waist circumference corresponds to a 5 cm2(4%) reduction in VAT area at the L3 level. Data on the separate effects of diet- and exercise-induced weight loss on VAT from well controlled studies are required to advance current knowledge with respect to the effects of diet and exercise on the adipose tissue depot that conveys the greatest health risk.

ISSN:0112-1642    

出版商:ADIS    

年代:1997

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

Volleyball has become an extremely popular participation sport worldwide. Fortunately, the incidence of serious injury is relatively low. The sport-specific activity most commonly associated with injury is blocking. Ankle sprains are the most common acute injury. Recurrent sprains may be less likely to occur if an ankle orthosis is worn. Patellar tendinitis represents the most common overuse injury, although shoulder tendinitis secondary to the overhead activities of spiking and serving is also commonly seen. An unusual shoulder injury involving the distal branch of the suprascapular nerve which innervates the infraspinatus muscle has been increasingly described in volleyball players in recent years. Hand injuries, usually occurring while blocking, are the next most common group of injuries. Fortunately, severe knee ligament injuries are rare in volleyball. However, anterior crutiate ligament injury is more likely to occur in female players. Many of these injuries may be preventable with close attention to technique in sport-specific skills and some fairly simple preventive interventions.

ISSN:0112-1642    

出版商:ADIS    

年代:1997

数据来源: ADIS