摘要:

Although there are well documented protective health benefits conferred by regular physical activity, most individuals of all ages are not physically active at a level for sufficient maintenance of health. Consequently, a major public health goal is to improve the collective health and fitness levels of all individuals. The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and other international organisations have established guidelines for comprehensive exercise programmes composed of aerobic, flexibility and resistance-exercise training. Resistance training is the most effective method available for maintaining and increasing lean body mass and improving muscular strength and endurance.Furthermore, there is an increasing amount of evidence suggesting that resistance training may significantly improve many health factors associated with the prevention of chronic diseases. These health benefits can be safely obtained by most segments of the population when prescribed appropriate resistance-exercise programmes. Resistance-training programmes should be tailored to meet the needs and goals of the individual and should incorporate a variety of exercises performed at a sufficient intensity to enhance the development and maintenance of muscular strength and endurance, and lean body mass. A minimum of 1 set of 8 to 10 exercises (multi-joint and single joint) that involve the major muscle groups should be performed 2 to 3 times a week for healthy participants of all ages. More technical and advanced training including periodised multiple set regimens and/or advanced exercises may be more appropriate for individuals whose goals include maximum gains in strength and lean body mass. However, the existing literature supports the guidelines as outlined in this paper for children and adults of all ages seeking the health and fitness benefits associated with resistance training.

ISSN:0112-1642    

出版商:ADIS    

年代:2001

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

During the last 5 to 10 years, the microdialysis technique has been used to explore neurotransmitter release during exercise. Microdialysis can collect virtually any substance from the brains of freely moving animals with a limited amount of tissue trauma. It allows the measurement of local neurotransmitter release in combination with ongoing behavioural changes such as exercise. Several groups examined the effect of treadmill running on extracellular neurotransmitter levels. Microdialysis probes were implanted in different brain areas to monitor diverse aspects of locomotion (striatum, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, frontal cortex, spinal cord), food reward (hypothalamus, hippocampus, cerebral cortex), thermoregulation (hypothalamus).Some studies combined microdialysis with running on a treadmill to evaluate motor deficit and improvement following dopaminergic grafts in 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats, or combined proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and cortical microdialysis to observe intra- plus extracellular brain glucose variations.This method allows us to understand neurotransmitter systems underlying normal physiological function and behaviour. Because of the growing interest in exercise and brain functioning, it should be possible to investigate increasingly subtle behavioural and physiological changes within the central nervous system, and to link this with neuroendocrinological data, to better understand a stress called exercise.

ISSN:0112-1642    

出版商:ADIS    

年代:2001

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

Sports injuries are one of the most common injuries in modern western societies. Treating sports injuries is often difficult, expensive and time consuming, and thus, preventive strategies and activities are justified on medical as well as economic grounds.A successful injury surveillance and prevention requires valid pre- and post-intervention data on the extent of the problem. The aetiology, risk factors and exact mechanisms of injuries need to be identified before initiating a measure or programme for preventing sports injuries, and measurement of the outcome (injury) must include a standardised definition of the injury and its severity, as well as a systematic method of collecting the information. Valid and reliable measurement of the exposure includes exact information about the population at risk and exposure time. The true efficacy of a preventive measure or programme can be best evaluated through a well-planned randomised trial.Until now, 16 randomised, controlled trials (RCT) have been published on prevention of sports injuries. According to these RCT, the general injury rate can be reduced by a multifactorial injury prevention programme in soccer (relative risk 0.25, p < 0.001, in the intervention group), or by ankle disk training, combined with a thorough warm-up, in European team handball [odds ratio 0.17; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.09 to 0.32, p < 0.01]. Ankle sprains can be prevented by ankle supports (i.e. semirigid orthoses or air-cast braces) in high-risk sporting activities, such as soccer and basketball (Peto odds ratio 0.49; 95% CI 0.37 to 0.66), and stress fractures of the lower limb by the use of shock-absorbing insoles in footwear (Peto odds ratio 0.47; 95% CI 0.30 to 0.76).In future studies, it is extremely important for researches to seek consultation with epidemiologists and statisticians to be certain that the study hypothesis is appropriate and that the methodology can lead to reliable and valid information. Further well-designed randomised studies are needed on preventive actions and devices that are in common use, such as preseason medical screenings, warming up, proprioceptive training, stretching, muscle strengthening, taping, protective equipment, rehabilitation programmes and education interventions (such as increasing general injury awareness among a team). The effect of a planned rule change on the injury risk in a particular sport could be tested via a RCT before execution of the change. The most urgent needs are in commonly practised or high-risk sports, such as soccer, American football, rugby, ice hockey, European team handball, karate, floorball, basketball, downhill skiing and motor sports.

ISSN:0112-1642    

出版商:ADIS    

年代:2001

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has revolutionised diagnostic imaging of the knee. It has evolved significantly since Kean described healthy and pathologic knee anatomy in 1983. This innovative technology allows superior soft-tissue detail with multiplanar imaging capability that provides accurate evaluation of intra- and extra-articular structures of the knee not demonstrated with other imaging modalities. The development and advancements in MRI and the introduction of high-resolution coils have provided a noninvasive, nonoperator dependent, cost effective means to diagnose knee pathology. MRI is well tolerated by patients, widely accepted by evaluating physicians, and assists in distinguishing pathologic knee conditions that may have similar clinical signs and symptoms (i.e. meniscal tears, osteochondral lesions). This paper presents an overview of MRI of the knee and focuses on the MRI findings in a number of common pathologic conditions.

ISSN:0112-1642    

出版商:ADIS    

年代:2001

数据来源: ADIS