摘要:

SummaryHeat dissipation, under conditions of thermal stress, is mediated primarily by evaporation of sweat. Physical training has been shown to enhance sweat production by eliciting changes in the sensitivity of eccrine glands, total sweat output and distribution of gland activity. These adaptations afford partial acclimation. Heat acclimation produces similar changes, and also results in reduced sweat thresholds. To account for these different responses it has been hypothesised that physical training induces peripheral adaptations, while acclimation produces both peripheral and central modifications. It is suggested that repeated cutaneous heat detection may be essential to the development of central sudo-motor changes.

ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-198603060-00001

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

SummaryThe use of cold therapy in acute sports injuries as well as in the rehabilitation of the injured athlete has become a generally accepted treatment method. Various cooling modalities are used to apply cold to the injured area, e.g. ice packs, ice towels, ice massage, frozen gel packs, ethyl chloride and other vapocoolants, chemical reaction devices and inflatable splints using refrigerant gas. Most clinical studies report that the use of cryotherapy has a positive effect on pain reduction and on the recovery of various injuries. When the physiological processes produced by cryotherapy are examined in experimental situations, some of these reactions differ from expectations. Skin, subcutaneous, intramuscular and joint temperature changes depend on application method, initial temperature and application time. Intramuscular temperature continues to drop after the cooling modality has been removed. Results of various studies are consistent on the effects on neuromuscular and pain processes. Results of studies on cold and blood flow vary considerably, however it appears that blood flow increases with superficial cold application and decreases when cold is applied to large skin surface areas. Motor performance is affected by temperature with a critical temperature being around 18°C, above and beneath which muscle performance decreases. There is also a critical temperature for the application of cold with inflammation and oedema increasing at temperatures below 15°C. Precautions should be taken because prolonged application at very low temperatures could have deleterious effects.

ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-198603060-00002

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

SummaryThere has been a significant increase in the number of individuals participating in contact sports. As a result, every effort must be made to provide the athletes with protection against mouth injuries. In this review the use, construction and benefits of mouthguards in all sports has been described. There is unanimous opinion attesting to the benefits of such protective drrices and in those sports where the athlete is required to wear a mouth-guard, a dramatic decrease in the number and severity of injuries has been reported. Custom-fitted mouth guards should be used in many sports that do not already have a compulsory rule requiring their use. Physicians, dentists, trainers and coaches need to be educated on the data supporting the benefits described.Studies on performance enhancement as a result of mandibular orthopaedic repositioning appliances have also been reviewed. Long term studies are required to assess the claims of ergogenic enhancement utilising proper study design. Current evidence exists relating to the effects of psychological phenomena on athletic performance, and it is believed the placebo effect contributes to the findings of performance improvement.

ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-198603060-00003

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

SummarySpecific alterations in autonomic functions induced by endurance training may lead to a reduced ability to withstand orthostatic stress. This possibility has caused some authorities to suggest that, because of potentially greater pooling of blood in the lower extremities during gravitational loading, endurance-trained athletes may make poor astronauts. Although results from spaceflight studies have provided little evidence to support this suggestion, data from water-immersion studies indicate that endurance-trained athletes do become more orthostatically intolerant following a few hours of simulated weightlessness. Unfortunately, other evidence supporting the hypothesis that endurance training reduces orthostatic tolerance has not received adequate publication in the open scientific literature.On the other hand, a number of studies which have been openly reported clearly refute this hypothesis. Nevertheless, the established physiological differences between endurance athletes and non-athletes are themselves sufficient to suggest that the hypothesis could be tenable. Consequently, it has to be concluded that the presently available information is both qualitatively and quantitatively inadequate to permit any definite statement regarding a possible relationship between aerobic power (V̇2max) and orthostatic tolerance.

ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-198603060-00004

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

SummaryA clinical classification and treatment programme has been developed for chronic medial tibial stress syndrome. Medial tibial stress syndrome has been reported to be either tibial stress fracture or microfracture, tibial periostitis, or distal deep posterior chronic compartment syndrome. Three chronic types exist and may coexist: Type I (tibial microfracture, bone stress reaction or cortical fracture); type II (periostalgia from chronic avulsion of the periosteum at the periosteal-fascial junction); and type III (chronic compartment syndrome). Type I disease is treated nonoperatively. Operations for resistant types II and III medial tibial stress syndrome were performed in 41 patients. Bilaterality was common (type II, 50% type III, 88%). Seven had coexistent type II/III; one had type I/II. Preoperative symptoms averaged 24 months in type II, 6 months in type III, and 33 months in types II/III. Mean age was 22 years (15 to 51). Resting compartment pressures were normal in type II (mean 12mm Hg) and elevated in type III and type II/III (mean 23mm Hg). Type II and type II/III patients received fasciotomy plus periosteal cauterisation. Type III patients had fasciotomy only. All procedures were performed on an out-patient basis using local anaesthesia. Follow up was complete and averaged 6 months (2 to 14 months). Improved performance was as follows: type II, 93%, type III, 100%; type II/III, 86%. Complete cures were as follows: type II, 78%; type III, 75%; and type II/III, 57%. This experience suggests that with precise diagnosis and treatment involving minimal risk and cost the athlete has a reasonable chance of return to full activity.

ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-198603060-00005

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

SummaryAbout one third of all sports injuries admitted to outpatient sports clinics concern knees.The incidence of different knee disorders in an outpatient sports clinic material and a review of the literature concerning the wide and problematic area of knee exertion injuries in athletes is presented. Exertion injury is defined as non-traumatic pain syndrome in the musculoskeletal system, including typical stress injuries and pain syndromes associated with physical activity but also has other important aetiological factors.2762 athletes were admitted to the Turku Sports Medical Research Unit’s outpatient sports clinic from 1976 to 1983 and 886 (32%) of them, 697 male and 189 female athletes, had suffered knee disorders. Football (soccer) [20.8%], long-distance running (13.1%), volleyball (11.6%), orienteering (7.6%) and ice-hockey (7.2%) had the highest incidence and the most common knee disorders were patellar apicitis (20.4%), Osgood-Schlatter’s disease (10.1%), patellar chondropathy (10.0%), ligamentous sprains (9.0%) and meniscus tears (6.9%). The mean age of all athletes with knee disorders was 20.8 years. On an average each complaint caused 2.16 appointments.Careful evaluation of malalignments predisposing the athlete to exertion injury is necessary in the treatment of knee disorders and to avoid the recurrence of the exertion injury due to some biomechanical reason.The authors emphasise the importance of careful clinical examination. Although our review does not include detailed information about injuries originating in a single trauma, it is important to pick up the cases of ligamentous tears early so they can be appropriately repaired. Diagnostic and operative arthroscopy adds a new method in avoiding diagnostic errors and in shortening the postoperative rehabilitation.

ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-198603060-00006

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS