ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-198401040-00001

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS

ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-198401040-00002

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

SummaryThe gross energy cost of treadmill and track running is re-investigated from data published in the literature. An average equation, weighted for the number of subjects in each study, was found: V̇O2(ml/kg/min) = 2.209 + 3.163 speed (km/h) for 130 subjects (trained and untrained males and females) and 10 treadmill studies. On the track, wind resistance as predicted by Pugh (1970) was added to the treadmill cost of running and yielded the following equation for adults of average weight and height: V̇O2= 2.209 + 3.163 speed + 0.000525542 speed3. Between 8 and 25 km/h, the following linear equation: V̇O2= 3.5 speed (or met = km/h) was very close to the cubic equation. This linear equation for track running is, however, different from the treadmill linear equation, particularly for speeds over 15 km/h. This equation is also slightly different from the one published by Pugh (1970) for track running from 7 trained subjects only.

ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-198401040-00003

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

SummaryThe complete tear of the anterior cruciate ligament initiates the clinical syndrome represented by continued functional disability. The precise degree of functional disability is highly debated. Agreement is elusive due to the lack of uniform and scientific meth-odology. An historical review and analysis of functional and subjective rating systems is reported, and the strengths of previous systems are identified. A subjective and functional rating system is proposed in which 6 activity levels are related to pain, swelling, giving-way and overall activity. This is important because of the marked dependence of the functional disability of the anterior cruciate insufficient knee on the activity level of the patient. Thus, activity levels must be rigorously and comprehensively defined.In addition, we propose the utilisation of a risk factor checklist, based on the statistics drawn from our previous articles, to identify those patients at significant risk for future joint arthrosis. Risk factors are grouped under the categories of activity level, symptoms, clinical laxity, meniscal damage, lower limb alignment, tibiofemoral crepitus, patellofe-moral factors, rehabilitation and patient compliance.Thirdly, we examine controversial aspects of the anterior cruciate ligament syndrome existing in the literature today and demonstrate why contrasting opinions are not mutually exclusive.Finally we propose our treatment guidelines for management of the acute and chronic anterior cruciate ligament insufficient knee.

ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-198401040-00004

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

SummaryElite oarsmen and oarswomen possess large body dimensions and show outstadning aerobic and anaerobic qualities. Oarsmen have V̇O2maxvalues of 6.1 ± 0.6 L/min and have incurred O2debts of between 10 and 20 litres. The caloric expenditure of rowing estimated from the O2cost of a 6-minute rowing ergometer exercise was calculated at 36 kcal/min, one of the highest energy costs so far reported for any predominantly aerobic-type sport. Aerobic and anaerobic calculations show that 70 to 75% of the energy necessary to row the standard 2000m distance for men is derived from aerobiosis while the remaining 25 to 30% is anaerobic. Women achieve V̇O2maxvalues of 4.1 ± 0.4 L/min and slightly lower anaerobic values than men. The relative 60 to 65% energy contribution of aerobic metabolism and 35 to 40% for anaerobiosis is not surprising since women compete at 1000m.Rowers also exhibit excellent isokinetic leg strength and power when compared with other elite athletes and oarswomen produced higher relative leg strength values than men when lean body mass is considered. Muscle fibre type distributions in oarsmen resemble those of distance runners while women tend to have a slightly higher proportion of fast-twitch fibres. An average power output of 390 ± 13.6W was produced by oarsmen for 6 minutes of simulated rowing while women were able to develop 300 ± 18.4 for 3 minutes of the same activity. Mechanical efficiency for rowing was calculated at 20 ± 0.9%. Oarsmen also achieve very high ventilation volumes being able to average above 200 L/min BTPS for 6 minutes of simulated rowing; women ventilate 170 L/min BTPS for 3 minutes of this exercise. Excellent V̇O2maxand O2pulse values demonstrate outstanding cardiorespiratory efficiency. Both oarsmen and oarswomen utilise a unique physiological pattern of race pacing; they begin exertion with a vigorous sprint which places excessive demands on anaerobic metabolism followed by a severely high aerobic steady-state and then an exhaustive sprint at the finish. Tolerance to excessive anaerobiosis is evident by very high lactates and O2deficits measured during the first 2 minutes of exercise. Physiological profiles of successful international calibre rowing athletes have been established as a result of studies described in this review and the data have been used in a variety of ways to improve rowing performance.

ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-198401040-00005

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

SummaryResearchers, coaches and athletes have a variety of concepts of interval training, the only point of agreement being that interval training involves alternating bouts of exercise and recovery. The idea that interval training can be identified by a specific intensity, duration, or number of exercise bouts or by the amount or type of recovery between bouts of exercise is not valid. Rather, interval training has come to mean any type of intermittent training which, with manipulation of the number, intensity and duration of work bouts and amounts of recovery, is used to produce a particular type of stress on the body.There is general agreement that rather specific guidelines are available which determine the amount and intensity of work and the amount of rest necessary to produce specific results, and it is suggested that types of training be identified based on the specific characteristics of each particular type of training rather than placing all types of intermittent training in an all-inclusive category called ‘interval training’.Further efforts should be made to continue investigations which help determine how much, how often and for whom the various types of intermittent training are beneficial.

ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-198401040-00006

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS