摘要:

Today, it is generally accepted that sprint performance, like endurance performance, can improve considerably with training. Strength training, especially, plays a key role in this process. Sprint performance will be viewed multidimensionally as an initial acceleration phase (0 to 10m), a phase of maximum running speed (36 to 100m) and a transition phase in between. Immediately following the start action, the powerful extensions of the hip, knee and ankle joints are the main accelerators of body mass. However, the hamstrings, the m. adductor magnus and the m. gluteus maximus are considered to make the most important contribution in producing the highest levels of speed. Different training methods are proposed to improve the power output of these muscles. Some of them aim for hypertrophy and others for specific adaptations of the nervous system. This includes general (hypertrophy and neuronal activation), velocity specific (speedstrength) and movement specific (sprint associated exercises) strength training. In developing training strategies, the coach has to keep in mind that strength, power and speed are inherently related to one another, because they are all the output of the same functional systems. As heavy resistance training results in a fibre type IIb into fibre type IIa conversion, the coach has to aim for an optimal balance between sprint specific and nonspecific training components. To achieve this they must take into consideration the specific strength training demands of each individual, based on performance capacity in each specific phase of the sprint.

ISSN:0112-1642    

出版商:ADIS    

年代:1997

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

Injury surveillance is the ongoing collection of data describing the occurrence of, and factors associated with, injury. The success of any sports injury surveillance system and its wide scale applicability is dependent upon valid and reliable definitions of sports injury, injury severity and sports participation.Published sports injury reports are often difficult to interpret and compare with other published data because of different data collection and/or analysis methods. Standardised data collection methodologies including definitions are crucial for improving the comparability and interpretation of published data. Attention needs to be directed towards the definition of both risk and exposure factors since the validity and usefulness of the outcomes of research activities, data collection and surveillance systems rely on these. International consensus on appropriate definitions would greatly assist the collection of comparable and reliable sports injury data.Standardised definitions are also needed to answer questions such as: ‘what is a sport? When should an activity be considered to be recreational rather than sport? Who is a sports participant? How should sports participation be measured? What is a meaningful measure of exposure to injury risk? What is a sports injury? How should sports injury severity be measured? How severe must an injury be before it should be considered to be a sports injury for surveillance purposes?’. Agreed definitions and answers to these questions are essential before injury surveillance is established.Sports injury data is needed to guide injury prevention activities, to set and monitor sports safety policies and interventions, and as the basis of sports injury prevention research. All sports injury surveillance systems should therefore collect information about the epidemiology of sports injuries and their outcomes in a form that is of relevance across a broad range of potential users of the data.

ISSN:0112-1642    

出版商:ADIS    

年代:1997

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

Sport is beneficial to health, but may also cause injuries. Therefore there is a need for sports injury prevention. Sports injury prevention should be based on the outcome of scientific research and should be part of the ‘sequence of prevention’. In applying the ‘sequence of prevention’, first the incidence and severity of the sports injury problem need to be established. Secondly the aetiology and the mechanism of sports injuries need to be identified. Only based on this information can preventative measures be introduced, which must subsequently be evaluated for effectiveness. The principle of the ‘sequence of prevention’ cannot be applied without proper sports injury surveillance. This paper addresses the question of whether one uniform sports injury surveillance system can be used to cover all aspects of sports injury research at all stages of the ‘sequence of prevention’. It is argued that a general sports injury surveillance system is useful for answering questions about the incidence and severity of the sports injury problem in various subsets of a population. It can also be used for time trend studies. If the purpose of injury surveillance is to identify the aetiology or the effectiveness of preventative measures, then sports injury surveillance should be tailored to the specific sports situation. Sports injury surveillance systems are not useful in identifying the mechanism of injury.

ISSN:0112-1642    

出版商:ADIS    

年代:1997

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

Injury is the most under-recognised major public health problem facing the world community. In addition to being an enormous public health issue, injuries continue to usurp our limited healthcare financial resources. It therefore becomes imperative that comprehensive injury occurrence data systems be developed in order to: (i) identify risk factors and types of injuries; (ii) help determine the effectiveness of preventative intervention; and (iii) delineate the costs of injury in order to develop financial resource planning.

ISSN:0112-1642    

出版商:ADIS    

年代:1997

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

Aspects of different approaches to study design in the epidemiology of sports injuries are presented, identifying 4 major types: (i) the clinical case series; (ii) the community-based survey; (iii) studies on specific sports or diagnoses without exposure data; and (iv) studies on specific sports or diagnoses with exposure data. The advantages and disadvantages of these concepts are discussed.It is concluded that to optimise preventive efforts and improve the comparability of studies in sports injury epidemiology, there is not only a need for consensus on definitional issues, but also for an agreement on the methodology. Attention to exposure issues is a crucial component of this.

ISSN:0112-1642    

出版商:ADIS    

年代:1997

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

In order to assess the extent of the sports injury problem, it is necessary to identify both the incidence and severity of sports injuries. In the literature, the severity of sports injuries is usually described on the basis of 6 criteria: (i) nature of sports injury; (ii) duration and nature of treatment; (iii) sporting time lost; (iv) working time lost; (v) permanent damage; and (vi) monetary cost.It is important to include information on the severity of injuries in a sports injury registration system. This kind of information will help to set targets for preventive strategies. The more severe the injuries sustained, the higher the priority will be to prevent these injuries regardless of the injury incidence. When assessing injury severity one should take into account that, in order to enhance the comparability of research data, uniform definitions are also important in this area of sports injury surveillance. This paper briefly discusses the 6 criteria used to describe the severity of sports injuries.

ISSN:0112-1642    

出版商:ADIS    

年代:1997

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

Protective equipment is adopted in the hope of reducing the incidence and severity of injuries. To objectively assess the effectiveness of such equipment, injury data is required prior to and after the introduction of this countermeasure. In many cases, there has been no appropriate evaluation of the countermeasure. Pre- and postintervention data is vital to the protective equipment developer. Such information may be obtained from injury surveillance systems. Other information which is just as vital but not obtainable from such a system is injury tolerance levels. Additional information from injury surveillance such as the type of protective equipment worn, its condition prior to and after impact, and a description of the event leading to injury would be most valuable.

ISSN:0112-1642    

出版商:ADIS    

年代:1997

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

There are numerous athletic injury reporting systems currently in place. In order for our understanding of athletic injury epidemiology to advance, we must be able to compare data from divergent sources. This paper provides a review of existing athletic injury reporting systems in North America. The epidemiological designs employed in these systems are outlined, along with a description of the strengths and weaknesses of each approach to reporting. The differences between the case-series and cohort methods are delineated and the importance of injury definition, sources of error, denominator data and exposure estimation are discussed within this context.Four recommendations are then offered to assist in moving toward more universal systems for athletic injury reporting. First, comparability of data between systems should be maximised through clear indication of the reporting system design and the methods of data collection. Secondly, an exact definition should be given as to what constitutes a reportable event (‘injury’). Thirdly, whenever possible, outcome information should be collected on each reported event so that an injury definition may be applied at the time of data analysis. Lastly, any limitations or sources of error should be acknowledged.

ISSN:0112-1642    

出版商:ADIS    

年代:1997

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

The rotator cuff is the primary dynamic stabiliser of the glenohumeral joint and is placed under significant stress during overhead and contact sports. Mechanisms of injury include repetitive microtrauma, usually seen in the athlete involved in overhand sports, and macrotrauma associated with contact sports. Rotator cuff injury and dysfunction in the overhand athlete may be classified based on aetiology as primary impingement, primary tensile overload, and secondary impingement and tensile overload resulting from glenohumeral instability. A thorough history and physical examination are paramount in the evaluation, classification and treatment planning of the athlete with rotator cuff pathology. Imaging studies are a helpful adjunct to the history and physical.Athletes with primary impingement are usually middle aged or older and often have chronic shoulder pain and sometimes weakness associated with overhand sporting activities. Night pain is typical of full thickness rotator cuff tears. Impingement signs are positive and strength of elevation and external rotation are often limited. They usually respond to a nonoperative rehabilitation programme centred on decreasing inflammation, restoring range of motion and strengthening the rotator cuff and scapular stabilisers. Depending on the degree of cuff pathology, acromioplasty, debridement of partial cuff tears, and repair of full thickness tears are usually successful in those who fail a rehabilitation programme.Overhand athletes with cuff pathology secondary to subtle anterior instability are usually young and complain of pain and decreased throwing velocity. Instability may be so subtle that it is only detectable through a positive relocation test on examination. The majority of these athletes do not have a Bankart lesion on magnetic resonanace imaging or arthroscopic examination. Arthroscopic examination usually demonstrates anterior capsular laxity (positive ‘drive-through’ sign), as well as superior-posterior labral and cuff injury typical of internal impingement. If rehabilitation alone is not successful, a capsulolabral repair followed by rehabilitation may allow the athlete to return to their previous level of competition.The athlete with an acute episode of macrotrauma to the shoulder resulting in cuff pathology usually presents with pain, limited active elevation and a positive ‘shrug sign’. Arthroscopy and debridement of thickened, inflamed or scarred subacromial bursa with cuff repair or debridement as indicated is usually successful in those who do not respond to a rehabilitation programme.

ISSN:0112-1642    

出版商:ADIS    

年代:1997

数据来源: ADIS