ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-199112010-00001

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS

ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-199112010-00002

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

SummaryFluid ingestion during exercise has the twin aims of providing a source of carbohydrate fuel to supplement the body’s limited stores and of supplying water and electrolytes to replace the losses incurred by sweating. Increasing the carbohydrate content of drinks will increase the amount of fuel which can be supplied, but will tend to decrease the rate at which water can be made available; where provision of water is the first priority, the carbohydrate content of drinks will be low, thus restricting the rate at which substrate is provided. The composition of drinks to be taken will thus be influenced by the relative importance of the need to supply fuel and water; this in turn depends on the intensity and duration of the exercise task, on the ambient temperature and humidity, and on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of the individual athlete. Carbohydrate ingested during exercise appears to be readily available as a fuel for the working muscles, at least when the exercise intensity does not exceed 70 to 75% of maximum oxygen uptake. Carbohydrate-containing solutions appear to be more effective in improving performance than plain water. Water and electrolytes are lost from the body in sweat: although the composition of sweat is rather variable, it is invariably hypotonic with respect to plasma. Sweat rate is determined primarily by the metabolic rate and the environmental temperature and humidity. The sweat rate may exceed the maximum rate of gastric emptying of ingested fluids, and some degree of dehydration is commonly observed. Excessive-replacement of sweat losses with plain water or fluids with a low sodium content may result in hyponatraemia. Sodium replacement is essential for postexercise rehydration. The optimum frequency, volume and composition of drinks will vary widely depending on the intensity and duration of the exercise, the environmental conditions and the physiology of the individual. The athlete must determine by trial and error the most suitable regimen.

ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-199112010-00003

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

SummaryOvertraining appears to be caused by too much high intensity training and/or too little regeneration (recovery) time often combined with other training and nontraining Stressors. There are a multitude of symptoms of overtraining, the expression of which vary depending upon the athlete’s physical and physiological makeup, type of exercise undertaken and other factors. The aetiology of overtraining may therefore be different in different people suggesting the need to be aware of a wide variety of parameters as markers of overtraining. At present there is no one single diagnostic test that can define overtraining. The recognition of overtraining requires the identification of stress indicators which do not return to baseline following a period of regeneration. Possible indicators include an imbalance of the neuroendocrine system, suppression of the immune system, indicators of muscle damage, depressed muscle glycogen reserves, deteriorating aerobic, ventilatory and cardiac efficiency, a depressed psychological profile, and poor performance in sport specific tests, e.g. time trials. Screening for changes in parameters indicative of overtraining needs to be a routine component of the training programme and must be incorporated into the programme in such a way that the short term fatigue associated with overload training is not confused with the chronic fatigue characteristic of overtraining. An in-depth knowledge of periodisation of training theory may be necessary to promote optimal performance improvements, prevent overtraining, and develop a system for incorporating a screening system into the training programme. Screening for overtraining and performance improvements must occur at the culmination of regeneration periods.

ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-199112010-00004

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

SummaryRib fractures are the most common serious injury of the chest. They occur most commonly in the middle and lower ribs with blunt trauma, and also with direct force to a small area of the chest wall and violent muscle contractions. Diagnosis is generally not difficult. The athlete should have a chest x-ray to confirm the diagnosis. Differential diagnosis includes severe rib contusion, costochondral separations, muscle strains and pneumothorax. If no internal problems exist, treatment consists of ice, NSAIDs, analgesics and a rib belt or tape. Healing should be well on its way before a return to sports. Fractures of the first 4 ribs or the last 2 ribs, multiple fractures and flail segments are less benign than other fractures, and may result in injury to surrounding structures. First rib and floating rib fractures are uniquely athletic fractures; they are avulsion fractures caused by a sudden vigorous contraction in different directions of pull.

ISSN:0112-1642    

DOI:10.2165/00007256-199112010-00005

出版商:Springer International Publishing    

年代:2012

数据来源: ADIS