摘要:

ABSTRACT.This article examines how a metropolitan area's job growth affects its income distribution, using CPS data from 1979 to 1988. Metropolitan growth increases the poorest quintile's income by a greater percentage than for the average family. Metropolitan growth also increases the value of property owned by the richest quintiles. Economic development programs to increase local growth will have a net progressive effect if the cost per job created is low, and these costs are financed by personal taxes. But programs with a high cost per job, or financed by cutting welfare, will reduce the net income of the poorest quintile.

ISSN:0022-4146    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9787.1994.tb00879.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.During the last thirty years there has been much research effort in regional science devoted to modeling interactions over geographic space. Theoretical approaches for studying these phenomena have been modified considerably. This paper suggests a new modeling approach, based upon a general nested sigmoid neural network model. Its feasibility is illustrated in the context of modeling interregional telecommunication traffic in Austria, and its performance is evaluated in comparison with the classical regression approach of the gravity type. The application of this neural network approach may be viewed as a three‐stage process. The first stage refers to the identification of an appropriate network from the family of two‐layered feedforward networks with 3 input nodes, one layer of (sigmoidal) intermediate nodes and one (sigmoidal) output node (logistic activation function). There is no general procedure to address this problem. We solved this issue experimentally. The input‐output dimensions have been chosen in order to make the comparison with the gravity model as close as possible. The second stage involves the estimation of the network parameters of the selected neural network model. This is performed via the adaptive setting of the network parameters (training, estimation) by means of the application of a least mean squared error goal and the error back propagating technique, a recursive learning procedure using a gradient search to minimize the error goal. Particular emphasis is laid on the sensitivity of the network performance to the choice of the initial network parameters, as well as on the problem of overfitting. The final stage of applying the neural network approach refers to the testing of the interregional teletraffic flows predicted. Prediction quality is analyzed by means of two performance measures, average relative variance and the coefficient of determination, as well as by the use of residual analysis. The analysis shows that the neural network model approach outperforms the classical regression approach to modeling telecommunication traffic in Au

ISSN:0022-4146    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9787.1994.tb00880.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.State and local governments commonly finance investment in public capital by issuing bonds and by using current revenues. This paper presents a model of state and local governments' reliance on borrowing in which the optimal share of debt in the financing of capital investment depends on the relative costs of tax and debt finance. Equations are derived and estimated for spending on public capital and the share of debt in the financing of that spending. The results reveal that the level of private incomes plays an important role in both the capital investment and financial decisions of the jurisdiction. Even after controlling for Sunbelt‐Snowbelt differences in incomes, grants, outstanding debt and certain demographic factors, the results indicate that state and local governments located in the Snowbelt rely more heavily on bond issues to finance capital investment. Finally, the estimated invariance of the level of state and local capital investment to the share of debt in the financing of the investment suggests that investment decisions are not greatly affected by factors influencing the willingness to issue bond

ISSN:0022-4146    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9787.1994.tb00881.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.We consider a location and allocation game for two competitor firms, A and B, that each seek to locatepfacilities in a network. A market is captured by a particular firm if that market's closest facility belongs to that firm rather than a competitor. The question is as follows: Firm A wants to locate itspfacilities so that B, which enters also withpfacilitiesafterFirm A has located its facilities, will capture the minimum market value possible. That is, Firm A wishes to preempt Firm B in its bid to capture market share to the maximum extent possible. A model is presented that addresses this issue, together with solution methods and computing times.

ISSN:0022-4146    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9787.1994.tb00882.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.This paper departs from the human capital tradition in the migration literature by formalizing the market‐specific information contained in wages along the lines suggested by Phelps's (1969) “island parable” of search. It allows us to incorporate the role of market wage variability as a source of information in individual migration decisions. Essentially wages are assumed to vary due to two types of sources: local and national. Individuals observe their current market wage but are uncertain about the source of variation in their wage level. An integral part of the expected utility comparison that migrants make then is evaluating the information content of their current market wage; how much of it is local and how much of it is common with other markets? Given this evaluation, what can they expect of wages at alternative markets; how precise is their expectation? A linear approximation to the expected utility comparison that migrants make is used to formulate a probit specification of the move or stay decision conditional on origin market and individual characteristics. The focus here is on quantifying the effects of the origin market acting through amenities and the share of market‐specific wage variability as it affects forecasts of alternative wages and forecast precision. A subsample of employed males, not in school or in the military, from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLS) age 16 to 22 years is used for estimation. The empirical results are consistent with the theoretically predicted relationship between migration propensities and regional differences in the information content of wages. In addition, the results provide evidence that risk aversion deters migration given uncertainty, measured by forecast precision, about alternative market wage

ISSN:0022-4146    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9787.1994.tb00883.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Consider a community investigating the integration of recycling into its waste management program. Even if (1) the county's citizens do not gain utility from recycling, (2) landfill space is plentiful, and (3) the market price for recyclables is zero, recycling can still be optimal for a local government. By determining the relationship between the amount of recycling and the location of a recycling center, conditions are identified under which recycling will reduce total waste management costs enough that municipal recycling will be optimal. In addition, it is shown that the likelihood of municipal recycling increases with the size of the city.

ISSN:0022-4146    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9787.1994.tb00884.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Assessing regional economic impacts of recreation trips is important to public agencies' decisions about using recreation as a rural development tool. Minimizing the total cost of recreation trip production implies that households will spatially distribute their purchases of inputs to trip production, including both trip‐specific inputs and durable recreation equipment. A recreation site contributes to a region's economic growth through household purchases of trip inputs. The site's cost effects, price information effects, and recreation and retail agglomeration effects cause changes in household recreation purchases and ultimately generate regional economic impact

ISSN:0022-4146    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9787.1994.tb00885.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:The Cosmo‐Creative Society: Logistical Networks in a Dynamic Economy, edited by Åe E. Andersson, David F. Batten, Kiyoshi Kobayashi, and Kazuhiro Yoshikawa.Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128, by Anna Lee Saxenian.Potentials and Bottlenecks in Spatial Development: Festschrift in Honor of Yasuhiko Oishi, edited by Hirotada Kohno and Peter Nijkamp.Diffusion and Use of Geographic Information Technologies, edited by Ian Masser and Harlan J. Onsrud.The Colonizer's Model of the World: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History, by James M. Blaut.Guangdong: Survey of a Province Undergoing Rapid Change, edited by Y. M. Yeung and David K. Y. Chu.Urban Development in the Muslim World, edited by Hooshang Amirahmadi and Salah S. El‐Shakhs.The Lost Frontier: Water Diversion in the Growth and Destruction of Owens Valley Agriculture, by Robert A. Sauder.The Costs of Worker Dislocation, by Louis Jacobson, Robert LaLonde, and Daniel Sullivan.Foreign Direct Investment in the United States, by Jan Ondrich and Michael Wasylenko.Rural America and the Changing Structure of Manufacturing: Spatial Implications of New Technology and Organization, Conference Proceed

ISSN:0022-4146    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9787.1994.tb00886.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-4146    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9787.1994.tb00887.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-4146    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9787.1994.tb00888.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY