ISSN:0001-1541    

DOI:10.1002/aic.690070245

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-1541    

DOI:10.1002/aic.690070202

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA laboratory investigation was conducted on oil displacement from porous media by the use of either a slug of propane followed by gas or a slug of carbon dioxide followed by water. A comparison was made of the efficiencies of these two solvent flooding processes for petroleum reservoirs. The results of flooding experiments on cores and on scaled pattern models showed the effect, on oil recovery, of type of porous medium, pore geometry, length to width ratio of the flood pattern, fluid viscosities, and miscibility. Oil recoveries of from 60 to 80% of the original oil in place were obtained by these solvent flooding processes as compared with conventional waterflood recoveries of between 35 to 50% on the same cores and linear models. Furthermore these recoveries were obtained with solvent slug sizes of 10 to 30% of a hydrocarbon pore volume, with less solvent being required as the length of the flood path increased. Data showing the relations between mobility ratio and volumetric sweep efficiency for the propane‐gas and carbon dioxide water flooding processes for two widely different types of porous medium are included in this paper.It was concluded that in reservoirs where pressure, oil viscosity and composition, and flooding pattern are favorable, either of these solvent flooding processes would give oil recoveries considerably higher than conventional waterflood or gas drive. It was further concluded that this improved recovery would be realized earlier in the life of a flood with carbon dioxide‐carbonated water than with propane followed by

ISSN:0001-1541    

DOI:10.1002/aic.690070203

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe critical compressibility factor has been used as a criterion for the correlation of the P.V.T.‐behavior in the gaseous and liquid states for the diatomic gases, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, chlorine, and hydrogen chloride. Reduced densities for these substances have been calculated from available literature data. These are presented as functions of reduced temperature and reduced pressure to produce extensive density correlations for nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon monoxide. These correlations exhibit similar behavior as expected from their similar critical compressibility factors.The validity of the critical compressibility factor as a correlating parameter has been verified by the favorable comparison of the P.V.T.‐behavior of substances other than diatomic gases including argon, krypton, xenon, and methane. These results indicate that the P.V.T.‐behavior of substances having critical compressibility factors of approximately 0.291 can be predicted from the reduced state correlation developed in this study as long as polarity effects are a

ISSN:0001-1541    

DOI:10.1002/aic.690070204

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA new isothermal calorimeter with no vapor space is described. It allows the accurate and rapid determination of heats of mixing of endothermic liquid systems. Data are presented for eighteen binary systems composed of a lower alcohol and a simple benzene derivative at 25°, 35°, and 45°C. Precise equations for representing these data are also present

ISSN:0001-1541    

DOI:10.1002/aic.690070205

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLocal and mean rates of transfer of isobutanol into the water‐rich phase and of water into the isobutanol‐rich phase were measured in concurrent upward flow through a column packed with glass spheres. The use of a two‐component system permitted determination of the individual‐phase coefficients. These are the first rate measurements for concurrent flow in a packed bed. Because the flow rates are not limited by flooding, much higher rates of transfer are attainable than in countercurre

ISSN:0001-1541    

DOI:10.1002/aic.690070206

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractGlass cylinders and spheres were crushed by slow compression in a hydraulic press. In all experiments the elastic energy stored in the specimen prior to fracture was measured. In some experiments the surface area of the resultant powder was measured by gas adsorption; in others the heat generation upon fracture was measured. The latter experiments show that considerable additional energy is fed into the fracturing specimen from the press. Local stress concentrations, and hence energy level at fracture, varied widely with particle shape. Calorimetric experiments suggest that real differences in crushing effectiveness, that is new surface per unit actual work done on the specimen, do occur. These differences are not due directly to the magnitude of the energy fed in from the press but rather to the effectiveness with which the stored or feed‐in energy is use

ISSN:0001-1541    

DOI:10.1002/aic.690070207

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe collection efficiency of glass fiber pads was investigated with a super cooled liquid aerosol. A filter‐velocity range of 0.02 to 20 ft./sec. was covered with filter pads having a bulk density ranging from 1 to 10 lb./cu. ft. and a fiber diameter ranging from 1 to 30 μ.For the aerosol employed the results showed a minimum collection efficiency at a velocity of 2 to 5 ft./sec., dependent on fiber size. At the lower velocities, where diffusion is controlling, collection efficiency increased with decreased velocity; at higher velocities, where inertia is controlling, efficiency increased with increased velocity.For purposes of generalization the data were correlated in terms of dimensionless parameters which allow for the combined effects of flow‐line interception, inertial interception, and diffusinal deposition. Evaluation of the data in terms of existing theories of deposition indicated nominal agreement with the theory of Langmuir, as modified by Natanson, for diffusional deposition. For inertial deposition the measured collection efficiencies were considerably lower than would be predicted from the theoretical values reported by Langmuir and Blodgett for potential flow around the fibers, presumably because of the viscous‐flow (low Reynolds number) conditions that prevailed in this

ISSN:0001-1541    

DOI:10.1002/aic.690070208

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe reaction of gaseous components at a solid catalytic surface has long been a subject of prime engineering interest. Generally speaking one expects the reaction velocity constant to follow the Arrhenius exponential temperature dependence. However as the reaction temperature increases, the intrinsic reactivity of the surface will increase and mass transfer begins to limit the rate of the reaction. In the case of a porous solid catalyst, where most of the active surface is on the catalyst pellet interior, the rate‐limiting process will frequently be internal diffusion, and in such a case the milder effect that temperature has on the diffusion process is the one observed in the gross kinetics, rather than the exponential Arrhenius dependence.The study reported here has examined the kinetics of the dehydrogenation of cyclohexane to benzene over a platinum‐on‐alumina pelleted catalyst. This is a notorious problem system, and in seeking to describe the observed rate data the authors provided a stern test for an analytical model treating the coordinate diffusion and reaction mechanisms. In particular the parameter of particle size was studied over a temperature range of from 640° to 910°F. For these runs reactor pressure was held constant at essentially 200 lb./sq. in. gauge (14.7 atm.), und the feed was maintained at 20 mole % cyclohexane, 80 mole % h

ISSN:0001-1541    

DOI:10.1002/aic.690070209

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractForced convection mass transfer between circular tubes and liquid lithium was experimentally investigated over a range of Schmidt numbers from 40 to 57 and Reynolds numbers from 5,550 to 22,500. Information concerning the mechanism for mass transfer was obtained by measuring local solution and deposition rates as a function of distance along the tubes. Observed entrance effects for the solution process suggest that it involves the parallel mechanisms of diffusion through a solid film and through occluded liquid in grain boundaries. It is indicated that the relative contributions of these processes changes with increasing temperature.A j‐factor correlation of existing liquid metal mass transfer data for fully developed conditions in circular conduits is presented and indicates that an exponent of 0.112 forNRebest represents the data. This result agrees well with other studies (9

ISSN:0001-1541    

DOI:10.1002/aic.690070210

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY