摘要:

AbstractChoosing the type of laboratory reactor for evaluating process kinetics may be the most crucial step in an industrial process development program. Not only would a wrong choice result in expensive delays, but data may be obtained which would scale‐up erroneously, leading to a disastrous commercial design. Some of the pitfalls and limitations of various laboratory reactors are discussed for some typically complex industrial reaction systems. A modus operandi is suggested for choosing from among the potential reactors those that have the best chance of supplying the desired data. As is typical of many complex industrial reaction systems, no one reactor turns out to be ideal and many times the building of two or more types is advantageou

ISSN:0001-1541    

DOI:10.1002/aic.690200502

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSupported ferric oxide can remove oxides of nitrogen from hot and cold gases, 20°C to 350°C, containing NO in the range of 50 to 1000 ppm when sufficient oxygen is present. Rates of sorption and capacities increase with oxygen concentration. The sorbent can be regenerated with air at 400° to 450°C an indefinite number of times.Reduced iron oxide sorbs nitric oxide more rapidly than the ferric oxide and has a higher capacity. It can be regenerated with hot reducing ga

ISSN:0001-1541    

DOI:10.1002/aic.690200503

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIt is demonstrated that a single equation of state may be used to describe all three phases in liquid‐liquid‐vapor equilibrium situations. Wilson's version of the Redlich‐Kwong equation is shown to predict accurately the water solubility in normal paraffins with interaction parametersk12= 0.50. A simple procedure for three‐phase flash computations is presented. Results obtained using this procedure for the system methane,n‐butane, water exhibit many of the characteristics of the experimental data of McKetta and Katz (1948). In particular, the water content of the vapor phase and the liquid hydrocarbon phase are accurately

ISSN:0001-1541    

DOI:10.1002/aic.690200504

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe kinetics of secondary nucleation have been determined from measurement of the supersaturation as a function of time following the addition of seed nuclei to a supercooled solution in a well‐stirred batch crystallizer. Population balance mathematics have been used to show that the secondary nucleation kinetics may be inferred from the supersaturation‐time curve. The method has been applied to the determination of the kinetics of the secondary nucleation of ice and found to give results in excellent agreement with those obtained from tedious particle counts. In addition, it has been shown that the moment of the particle size distribution that best correlates the nucleation rate data can be inferred from the initial transient of the supersaturation‐time hi

ISSN:0001-1541    

DOI:10.1002/aic.690200505

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe instability and breakup of laminar liquid jets in gaseous surroundings is investigated for conditions under which a solute is transferring across the jet interface rendering the system susceptible to Marangoni convection. Linear hydrodynamic stability analysis reveals that solute transfer out of the jet is stabilizing (produces longer jets) while transfer into the jet is destabilizing and promotes breakup. Solute adsorption, including as a limiting case the presence of a spread surfactant monolayer, may strongly counteract the stabilizing or destabilizing effects of mass transfer but has only a negligible effect on jet stability in the absence of interphase mass transfer. Qualitative experimental results for water jets in air with acetone as the transferring solute corroborate both the stabilizing and destabilizing mass transfer effects predicted by the theory.

ISSN:0001-1541    

DOI:10.1002/aic.690200506

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe instability and breakup of laminar liquid jets in liquid surroundings is investigated for situations where solute transfer across the jet interface renders the system susceptible to Marangoni convection. This work parallels Part I (Burkholder and Berg, 1974) on the effect of mass transfer on the breakup of laminar liquid jets in gases. Behavior in liquid‐liquid systems, however, differs significantly from that for liquid‐gas systems and cannot be inferred from the analysis of the latter. Linear hydrodynamic stability analysis reveals that transfer either into or out of the jet may be either stabilizing (longer jets) or destabilizing depending on system physical properties and mass transfer rate. Solute adsorption may strongly counteract the effects of the mass transfer but has only a small effect on jet stability in the absence of mass transfer. The predicted mass transfer effects conform qualitatively to the experimental results of Meister and Scheele (1969) for acetone transfer between benzene jets and wa

ISSN:0001-1541    

DOI:10.1002/aic.690200507

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSolutions for the concentration profiles and mass transfer rates are found for various wall Sherwood numbers. Use is made of the confluent hypergeometric function in the solution, and its advantage over the previously used series solution is pointed out. Perturbation solutions are also presented for both large and small values of the wall Sherwood number.

ISSN:0001-1541    

DOI:10.1002/aic.690200508

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe packed bed model developed by Payatakes, Tien, and Turian (1973a, 1973b) is used as a basis for the study of particle deposition in deep bed filtration. The size of the particulate matters present in the suspension is assumed to be sufficiently large for Brownian motion to be negligible, but small enough for straining to be unimportant. The prediction of the rate of particle deposition is based on the one‐step trajectory approach. The collector is represented by a unit bed element of the porous media model and the particle trajectory equation is formulated to include the gravitational force, the hydrodynamic force and torque (including the correction for the presence of the unit cell wall), the London force (including the retardation effect, which is shown to be of primary importance under conditions usually met in deep bed filtration systems), and the electrokinetic force. Sample capture trajectories, including the limiting capture trajectories, are given.Based on the limiting trajectories and the assumption of uniform particle distribution at the entrance of each unit cell, the number fractions (of suspended particles) impacted on each unit cell are determined and then used to calculate the fraction impacted on the entire unit collector and also the value of the filter coefficient for a clean bed. It is also shown how the capture trajectory calculation can be used to determine the local rate of deposition along the wall of a given unit cel

ISSN:0001-1541    

DOI:10.1002/aic.690200509

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA case study is made to determine the dependence of the deep bed filtration rate (expressed in terms of the fraction of suspended particles impacted) on the eight dimensionless parameters, which are found to be relevant in the filtration process, based on the trajectory calculation method developed in Part I of this series. In addition, comparisons between results based on the theoretical model of this work and available experimental data are made. Comparisons are also made with some of FitzPatrick's theoretical results. The results of this study demonstrate clearly the complex and interactive nature of the relation between the various parameters and the efficiency of filtration. Accordingly, the conventional format of correlating experimental data, which equates the filter coefficient with a product of the pertinent dimensionless groups, each raised to an empirical exponent, will not be adequate in providing a generalized correlation of experimental filtration data.

ISSN:0001-1541    

DOI:10.1002/aic.690200510

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA Henry's constant correlation is developed from a macroscopic Corresponding states theory for fluid mixtures. The method requires three interaction parameters which are correlated for mixtures of paraffin with nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, or another paraffin. Henry's constants can be calculated by this method to within experimental accuracy (about ± 5%) for the mixtures tested

ISSN:0001-1541    

DOI:10.1002/aic.690200511

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY