摘要:

SUMMARY.For the greater part of the nineteenth century experiences of popular childhoods were rooted in family economies to which children were expected to contribute. Family economies were diverse and family‐controlled with children making a range of contributions depending on age and gender within local economies and subcultures. While older children, especially boys, entered paid employment if possible, younger children and girls undertook unpaid domestic tasks. Throughout the century there was a steady decline in opportunities for paid employment among children. Among families where wages and standards of living were rising, childhoods were gradually reconstructed as parents postponed their children's entry to paid employment. The rise in wages was very uneven and there was a growing crisis in the family economies of the poorest families, where children continued to see themselves as contributors despite shrinking child labour markets and the introduction of legislation to control them. Although schooling remained a costly item in domestic budgets, parents who could afford it sent their children to school and a period of often brief and irregular school attendance was a feature of the majority of childhoods by the 1860s. The introduction and enforcement of universal, compulsory school attendance after the Education Act 1870 greatly increased the costs of childhoods, causing a sudden large increment in the dependency of children upon their parents. This marked an acceptance of the legitimacy of intervention by the state in parent child relationships. With a settled period of more or less regular school attendance childhoods became more standardised and visible. Notions of popular childhoods were gradually reconstructed moving away from children as contributors towards children as consumer

ISSN:0951-0605    

DOI:10.1111/j.1099-0860.1993.tb00403.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY.In recent years increasing concerns have been expressed about the behaviour of young people in Britain and responses to it. Within schools this has focused on the nature and incidence of violent and disruptive behaviour displayed by children and levels of exclusion. Perceptions that ‘too many children’ are excluded from school have prompted inquiries by the government, professional teaching associations and independent researchers and generated considerable media interest. This paper analyses existing evidence and identifies remaining gaps in knowledge concerning exclusion from school. In conclusion the authors argue that an adequate understanding of exclusion from school can only be achieved by locating it within the wider debate concerning social control and civic exclus

ISSN:0951-0605    

DOI:10.1111/j.1099-0860.1993.tb00404.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY.Indications are that abduction of children by their own parents is on the rise and may increase further with the coming European Community and the relaxation of travel barriers between countries. A case example of an international parental abduction from Great Britain to the United States is used to illustrate some of the treatment issues confronting social workers who may come in contact with these families.

ISSN:0951-0605    

DOI:10.1111/j.1099-0860.1993.tb00405.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY.Many people still believe that healthy social and emotional development in very young children depends upon the presence of maternal care. Some research work in the UK has also suggested that childminded children, when away from their mothers, typically manifest withdrawn and passive behaviour. Drawing on findings from unpublished research and illustrations from an exploratory study in which childminded children and childminders' own children were videotaped and compared, it is argued that such conclusions cannot easily be demonstrated empirically. Rather, they may result from observational and interpretative biases which overlook the role of factors such as children's age and social experience.Further, it is suggested that attempts to quantify and measure theoretical constructs such as passivity may be less informative than observations focused more specifically upon the behaviour of individual children in day care.

ISSN:0951-0605    

DOI:10.1111/j.1099-0860.1993.tb00406.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY.The ‘market’ is now being promoted as the most appropriate mechanism for meeting parents' needs for daycare. This article reports research undertaken in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets early in 1992 to assess the consequences for access to child daycare of changes in policy which have led to increased emphasis upon market‐based solutions and a ‘mixed economy’ of daycare. Socio‐economic change, with a widening range of employment and income levels, and increasing numbers of young children characterise the area. There has been a reduction in daycare options for the majority of households with under fives. Affordability is now one of the major factors determining access to daycare. Many other problems in the operation of the market in Tower Hamlets are described. Questions are raised about the viability of a mixed economy of daycare, in the light of the financial problems being experienced by day nurseries operating in the area, and the extent to which private companies can be relied on to provide childcare assistance for their staff. National policy makers must ensure that the daycare needs of low income households are met through the mixed economy

ISSN:0951-0605    

DOI:10.1111/j.1099-0860.1993.tb00407.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0951-0605    

DOI:10.1111/j.1099-0860.1993.tb00408.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0951-0605    

DOI:10.1111/j.1099-0860.1993.tb00409.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY