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11. |
Policy implications of greenhouse warming |
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AIP Conference Proceedings,
Volume 247,
Issue 1,
1992,
Page 222-236
Rob Coppock,
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摘要:
A study panel of the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine recently issued the reportPolicyImplications of Greenhouse Warming.That report examined relevant scientific knowldeg and evidence about the potential of greenhouse warming, and assayed actions that could slow the onset of warming (mitigation policies) or help human and natural systems of plants and animals adapt to climatic changes (adaptation policies). The panel found that, even given the considerable uncertainties knowledge of the relevant phenomena, greenhouse warming poses a threat sufficient to merit prompt action. People in this country could probably adapt to the changes likely to accompany greenhouse warming. The costs, however, could be substantial. Investment in mitigation acts as insurance protection against the great uncertainties and the possibility of dramatic surprises. The panel found mitigation options that could reduce U.S. emissions by an estimated 10 to 40 percent at modest cost.
ISSN:0094-243X
DOI:10.1063/1.41930
出版商:AIP
年代:1992
数据来源: AIP
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12. |
Options for lowering U.S. carbon dioxide emissions |
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AIP Conference Proceedings,
Volume 247,
Issue 1,
1992,
Page 237-260
Rosina M. Bierbaum,
Robert M. Friedman,
Howard Levenson,
Richard D. Rapoport,
Nick Sundt,
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摘要:
The United States can decrease its emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) to as much as 35 percentbelow1987 levels within the next 25 years by adopting an aggressive package of policies crossing all sectors of the economy. Such emissions reductions will be difficult to achieve and may be costly, but no major technological breakthroughs are needed. In this paper, we identify a ‘‘Tough’’ package of energy conservation, energy supply, and forest managment practices to accomplish this level of emissions reductions. We also present a package of cost‐effective, ‘‘Moderate’’ technical options, which if adopted, would hold CO2emissions to about 15‐percent increase over 1987 levels by 2015. In constrast, if the United State takes not new actions to curb energy use, CO2emissions will likely rise 50 percent during that time. A variety of Federal policy initiatives will be required to achieve large reductions in U.S. CO2emissions. Such policy actions will have to include both regulatory ‘‘push’’ and market ‘‘pull’’ mechanisms‐‐including performance standards, tax incentive programs, carbon‐emission or energy taxes, labeling and efficiency ratings, and research, development, and demostration activities.
ISSN:0094-243X
DOI:10.1063/1.41931
出版商:AIP
年代:1992
数据来源: AIP
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13. |
Options for reducing carbon dioxide emissions |
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AIP Conference Proceedings,
Volume 247,
Issue 1,
1992,
Page 261-291
Arthur H. Rosenfeld,
Lynn Price,
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摘要:
Improvements in energy efficiency can significantly reduce the annual growth in greenhouse gas emissions. Such improvements occur when energy intensity is reduced; no reduction in energy services is required. Using the concept of ‘‘cost of conserved energy’’ to develop conservation supply curves similar to resource supply curves, researchers consistently find that electricity and natural gas savings of nearly 50% of current consumption are possible for U.S. buildings. Such reductions in energy consumption directly reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.To capture these savings, we must continue to develop energy‐efficient technologies and strategies. This paper describes three recent energy‐efficient technologies that benefitted from energy conservation research and development (R&D) funding: high‐frequency ballasts, compact fluorescent lamps, and low‐emissivity windows. Other advanced technologies and strategies of spectrally selective windows, superwindows, electrochromic windows, advanced insulation, low‐flow showerheads, improved recessed lamp fixtures, whitening surfaces and planting urban trees, daylighting, and thermal energy storage are also discussed.
ISSN:0094-243X
DOI:10.1063/1.41919
出版商:AIP
年代:1992
数据来源: AIP
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14. |
Science and diplomacy: A new partnership to protect the environment |
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AIP Conference Proceedings,
Volume 247,
Issue 1,
1992,
Page 292-310
Ambassador Richard E. Benedick,
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PDF (1109KB)
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摘要:
The role of governments in protecting the environment is reviewed with emphasis on the need for international cooperation. The diplomatic problems associated with the formation of the ozone treaty are described. Other questions discussed in this paper include the role of industry and the market mechanism in protecting the global environment and the need for protecting third world interest in proposed environmental regulations.
ISSN:0094-243X
DOI:10.1063/1.41920
出版商:AIP
年代:1992
数据来源: AIP
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