摘要:

The main purpose of this paper is to show that anticipation is not only a property of biosystems but is also a fundamental property of physical systems. In electromagnetism, the anticipation is related to the Lorentz transform. In this framework the anticipation is a strong anticipation because it is not based on a prediction from a model of the physical system but is embedded in the fundamental system. So, Robert Rosen’s anticipatory systems deal with weak anticipation. Contrary to Robert Rosen’s affirmation, anticipation is thus not a characteristic of living systems. Finality is implicitly embedded in any system and thus the final cause of Aristotle is implicitly embedded in any physical and biological systems, contrary to what Robert Rosen argued. This paper will review some incursive and hyperincursive systems giving rise to strong anticipation. Space-time incursive parabolic systems show non-local properties. Hyperincursive crisp systems are related to catastrophe theory. Finally it will be shown that incursive and hyperincursive anticipatory systems could model properties of biosystems like free will, game strategy, theorem creation, etc. Anticipation is not only related to predictions but to decisions: hyperincursive systems create multiple choices and a decision process selects one choice. So, anticipation is not a final goal, like in cybernetics and system science, but is a fundamental property of physical and biological systems. ©2000 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.1291243

出版商:AIP    

年代:1900

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Decision makers and Managers of Complex Organizations would benefit from an anticipatory tool capable of supporting them in their task to develop and maintain sustainable or viable organisations. The Anticipatory Modelling and Computing Decision Support Prototype (ADP) is designed and tested to meet that demand. ADP is geared toward fuzzy or soft decision support and is based on an continuously adaptive and learning system model, which is developed and maintained by systemic modeling. In ADP Exploratory, Prescriptive and Preventive anticipation are identified and new system states are computed by Interval based Weighted Hyperincursion (IWH). ©2000 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.1291244

出版商:AIP    

年代:1900

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

This paper presents an astronaut’s view of the global efforts to explore space. The seminal work in Earth and Lunar orbits by both the Soviet Union and the United States required only classical Newtonian physics to accomplish the initial steps. These early efforts, however, illuminate the limitations not only of classical physics but also of general relativity if humanity aspires to go deep into or beyond our solar system. The limitations of the early interpretations of special and general relativity, and the conflicts with quantum mechanics have dominated physics for this entire century. The ability now to experiment with the space vacuum, to orbit sophisticated instruments and to travel beyond the earth/moon system, excite the imagination to think beyond toward the possibility of exploring intragalactic space. Experimental results and new theory call into question the limitations imposed by classical theory. They offer hope that humankind is not forever confined to the solar system. I examine some of those ideas in this paper. ©2000 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.1291245

出版商:AIP    

年代:1900

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

A woman in the throes of an affair wishes to put out a contract to have her husband done away with. She finds a thug willing to carry out the dastardly act, but he needs to be shown the territory in which the action is to take place. The woman drives the thug to her husband’s place of work and their house, but is flustered and upset: She is not accustomed to premeditated murder. Just as she turns the corner to the street her house is on, a pedestrian dashes across the road and is stricken by her car. He dies. It is her husband. Is the woman guilty of murder or manslaughter? Searle argued (and American courts would undoubtedly uphold him) that the woman is not guilty of murder because murder was not her intention-in-action (only her prior intention). Incidentally, legally both the woman’s and the thug’s motivations are also irrelevant: Her motivation was love and his the acquisition of money, which are both laudable motives in our culture (1). Intentions-in-action implement images of achievement. Prior intentions serve as contexts within which to achieve. These contexts sketch out the intended achievement, much as military strategies sketch out a particular intended action. Tactics, intentions-in-action, are left to field commanders to carry out, subject to immediate contingencies. Prior intentions or strategies, are envisioned whenever processing within an episode becomes so demanding that action cannot begin. ©2000 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.1291246

出版商:AIP    

年代:1900

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Anticipatory systems are very dynamic because of the continuous contributions in their behavior of associated anticipatory models (including human experts) and changes of objectives. Therefore it would be very useful to have modeling approaches capable to adjust the model parameters according to the system dynamics. Aiming at this objective, a knowledge base model is proposed, implemented as a generalized fuzzy Petri net model. This model called AFPNM (Anticipatory Fuzzy Petri Net Model), has both the features of a fuzzy Petri net and the learning ability of a neural network. After being trained, an AFPNM can be used as a model for dynamic knowledge representation and inference related to the anticipatory system. ©2000 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.1291247

出版商:AIP    

年代:1900

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Mathematical System Theory is extended to Conceptual System Theory using Formal Concept Analysis (Wille 1982). States are defined as formal concepts and ‘points of time’ are generalized to ‘time granules,’ interpreted as ‘pieces’ of time needed for the realization of measurements. As a generalization of classical time systems we define conceptual time systems, their state spaces and phase spaces. Time dependent relations among the parts of a conceptual time system are introduced in ‘relational conceptual time systems.’ Applications in psychology and industry, including ‘conceptual films’ are mentioned. ©2000 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.1291248

出版商:AIP    

年代:1900

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The paper will present an overview of an algebraic approach to approximate reasoning problems. It is shown that there exists a natural semantic ordering relation on domains of linguistic variables, and this relation makes each linguistic domain a complete distributive lattice. For linguistic variables having a unique positive primary term and negative one, their domains have sufficiently rich algebraic-logic properties for investigating fuzzy logic and approximate reasoning. The algebraic structures which model linguistic domains are called hedge algebras, because their axioms formulate directly semantics of linguistic hedges. As an example of the application of this theory, we introduce a method in linguistic reasoning, which allows us to handle directly linguistic terms. We consider this approach as having qualitative characteristics. Since, quantitative characteristics also play an important role in approximate reasoning methods, we introduce a mapping which transforms each linguistic domain into a real space. In connection with this we define notions of measure function, fuzziness measure and fuzziness degree of hedges. Then we can apply interpolation methods to solve multiple conditional fuzzy reasoning problems in a natural way, and they give more accurate results than that given by some fuzzy set-based methods. This approach has been developed in two stages. Firstly, hedge algebras were defined and investigated. Secondly, they were extended to the so-called refined hedge algebras. In this paper we shall give a presentation unifying these theories and obtain a common theory called the theory of hedge algebras, for simplicity. ©2000 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.1291249

出版商:AIP    

年代:1900

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

In his 1945 paper Lacan discusses a sophism to exemplify crucial moments in the becoming of a human subject. One of these moments is the anticipation of an identity. This anticipatory decision is confirmed in a subsequent logical reasoning. In our paper we will present the sophism in its details and will focus on the essential moment of anticipation. The further (and sometimes implicit) reworking of this notion by Lacan shows that, according to psychoanalysis, anticipation is an important mechanism that involves time and the presence of the other. ©2000 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.1291250

出版商:AIP    

年代:1900

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Function refers to a broad family of concepts of varying abstractness and range of application, from a many-one mathematical relation of great generality to, for example, highly specialized roles of designed elements in complex machines such as degaussing in a television set, or contributory processes to control mechanisms in complex metabolic pathways, such as the inhibitory function of the appropriate part of the lac-operon on the production of lactase through its action on the genome in the absence of lactose. We would like a language broad enough, neutral enough, but yet powerful enough to cover all such cases, and at the same time to give a framework form explanation both of the family resemblances and differences. General logic and mathematics are too abstract, but more importantly, too broad, whereas other discourses of function, such as the biological and teleological contexts, are too narrow. Information is especially suited since it is mathematically grounded, but also has a well-known physical interpretation through the Schrodinger/Brillouin Negentropy. Principle of Information, and an engineering or design interpretation through Shannon’s communication theory. My main focus will be on the functions of autonomous anticipatory systems, but I will try to demonstrate both the connections between this notion of function and the others, especially to dynamical systems with a physical interpretation on the one side and intentional systems on the other. The former are based in concepts like force, energy and work, while the latter involve notions like representation, control and purpose, traditionally, at least in Modern times, on opposite sides of the Cartesian divide. In principle, information can be reduced to energy, but it has the advantage of being more flexible, and easier to apply to higher level phenomena. ©2000 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.1291251

出版商:AIP    

年代:1900

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The idea of system is well established although not well defined. What makes up a system depends on the observer. Thinking in terms of systems is only a convenient way to conceptualize organizations, natural or artificial, that show coherent properties. Among all properties, which can be ascribed to systems, one property seems to be more outstanding than others, namely that of being anticipatory. In nature, anticipatory properties are found only in living organizations. In this way it can be said to separate non-living systems from living because there is no indication that any natural phenomenon occurring in systems where there is no indication of life is anticipatory. The characteristic of living systems is that they are exposed to the evolution contrary to causal systems that do not undergo changes due to the influence of the environment. Causal systems are related to the past in such a way that subsequent situations can be calculated from knowledge of past situations. In causal systems the past is the cause of the present and there is no reference to the future as a determining agent, contrary to anticipatory systems where expectations are the cause of the present action. Since anticipatory properties are characteristic of living systems, this property, as all other properties in living systems, is a result of the evolution and can be found in plants as well as in animals. Thus, it is not only tied to consciousness but is found at a more basic level, i.e., in the interplay between genotype and phenotype. Anticipation is part of the genetic language in such a way that appropriate actions, for events in the anticipatory systems environment, are inscribed in the genes. Anticipatory behavior, as a result of the interpretation of the genetic language, has been selected by the evolution. In this paper anticipatory systems are regarded as linguistic systems and I argue that as such anticipation cannot be fragmented but must be holistically studied. This has the implication that anticipatory behavior can only partially be described in a computer language and, furthermore, it shows that only a restricted class of anticipatory systems can be transferred to computers. ©2000 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.1291252

出版商:AIP    

年代:1900

数据来源: AIP