摘要:

This paper will firstly review a new theoretical basis for modelling neural Boolean networks by non-linear digital equations. With integer numbers, these digital equations are Heaviside Fixed Functions in the framework of the Threshold Logic. These can represent non-linear neurons which can be split very easily into a set of McCulloch and Pitts formal neurons with hidden neurons. It is demonstrated that any Boolean tables can be very easily represented by such neural networks where the weights are always either an activation weight +1 or an inhibition weight −1, with integer threshold. A fundamental problem in neural systems is the design of memory. This paper will present new memory neural systems based on hyperincursive neurons, that is neurons with multiple output states for the same input, instead of synaptic weights. Finally, a differential equation of membrane neural potential is used as a model of a brain, the incursive, that is the implicit recursive, computation of which gives rise to non-locality effects. ©1999 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.58256

出版商:AIP    

年代:1999

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

One of the most puzzling problems that general psychology has always faced, has been concerned with the question of human psychodynamics, with its possible ‘mechanisms’, motivations, ‘inner’ and ‘outer’ actions, etc., briefly, what we usually embrace under the general and vague label “mental processes.” Together with its ‘rational’ part, a great deal of such processes is pervaded by an ‘irrationality’ whose influences upon each of us not only remain still obscure but also show to be highly dependent on each of our living experiments/experiences as well as on the way we have interpreted them. Thus, difficult to be treated by the methods of the classical physical/quasi-physical paradigm and, consequently, offering additional problems of computing/robotic simulation/emulation. To shadow forth a (possible) blueprint model of (part of) such processes in which a especial emphasis is laid upon the affective and associative ones is just one of the major objectives of this paper. The model relies upon my own neuro-fuzzy approach to Pask’s concept of entailment-mesh, albeit radically modified and extended and it works as an introduction to a more extended approach to the aforementioned problem of human psychodynamics. ©1999 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.58257

出版商:AIP    

年代:1999

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

In his paperLes e´piste´mologies constructivistes: Un nouveau commencement(Sciences de la Socie´te´, n°40, 1997), Jean-Louis Le Moigne poses the question:“Le re⁁ve d’une connaissance autore´fe´rentielle se fondant sur elle-me⁁me, est sans doute fascinant &ellip; Mais est-il scientifiquement raisonnable?”. Building on the work of Jean Piaget, I shall try to show through a developmental analysis of elementary, scientifically relevant concepts, such as ‘change’, ‘object permanence’, ‘space’, and ‘time’, that the notion of the thinking subject’s construction of knowledge constitutes a more reasonable foundation for science than the traditional belief in the representation of objective reality. ©1999 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.58258

出版商:AIP    

年代:1999

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The concepts and methods of non-linear dynamics have been a powerful tool for studying some gamow aspects of brain dynamics. In this paper we show how, from time series analysis of electroencepholograms in sick and healthy subjects, chaotic nature of brain activity could be unveiled. This finding gave rise to the concept of spatiotemporal cortical chaotic networks which in turn was the foundation for a simple brain-like device which is able to become attentive, perform pattern recognition and motion detection. A new method of time series analysis is also proposed which demonstrates for the first time the existence of neuronal code in interspike intervals of coclear cells. ©1999 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.58239

出版商:AIP    

年代:1999

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The author who is an expert in clinical psychiatry deals with the problem of modeling human Mind the way physicians implicitly use when their profession renders necessary to intervene to help or even cure patients. If physicists, mathematicians or cognitive science specialists and engineers may propose artificial designs for a mind, psychiatrists and psychologists have developed reliable diagnostic systems for the classification of normal or else psychopathological states. Usually in Psychiatry it is not made any use of an algorithmic approach to describe and characterize psychological processes during cognitive, perceptual, emotional, motivational processes or else anticipatory processes, distinct types of memory, learning processes, etc. Differently from what is mentioned in Neuropsychological literature the author and his group were able to find a significant and consistent relationship between the level of ostensive expression of symptoms and competence in interpretation of information carried by verbal communication during the simulation of social interactions by restrict groups of experimenters. Furthermore it is shown how dendro-dendritic models of neural processing are adequate to represent symbolic processes performed by local operators in the Cortex, as well as the usefulness of models of chemical reactors either batch reactors or else flow plug reactors to represent virtual neural networks capable of clarifying some aspects of cognition and of the structure of the Self. Finally many episodes of the life of the late Warren Sturgis McCulloch are recalled as attribute of gratitude of the author who was his before the last student. ©1999 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.58259

出版商:AIP    

年代:1999

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Many anticipatory systems cannot in themselves act meaningfully or represent intentionally. This stems largely from the derivative nature of their functionality. All current artificial control systems, and many living systems such as organs and cellular parts of organisms derive any intentionality they might have from their designers or possessors. Derivative functionality requires reference to some external autonomously functional system, and derivative intentionality similarly requires reference to an external autonomous intentional system. The importance of autonomy can be summed up in the following slogan: No meaning without intention; no intention without function; no function without autonomy. This paper develops the role of autonomy to show how learning new tasks is facilitated by autonomy, and further by representational capacities that are functional for autonomy. ©1999 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.58240

出版商:AIP    

年代:1999

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

In the first part of the paper, a metaphysics of anticipation is presented through the ordering of the different levels of anticipation in the natural world. The interconnections between those different levels are highlighted. In the second part, an attempt is first made to delineate the various mathematically expressible forms of anticipation, but then, the limits of mathematical efforts to express anticipatory phenomena are shown; these limits arise from the difficulty in quantifying the imagination, creativity, improvisation, cultural synchronicity, and autopoesis, all of which are relevant to anticipation. And so in the third part, the paper concludes with a preliminary classification of the different computational and non-computational meanings of our concept of anticipation. ©1999 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.58260

出版商:AIP    

年代:1999

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Closure is a common characteristic of mathematical, natural and socio-cultural systems. Whether one is describing a graph, a molecule, a cell, a human, or a nation state, closure is implicitly understood. An objective of this paper is to continue a construction of a systematic framework for closure which is sufficient for future quantitative transdisciplinary investigations. A further objective is to extend the Birkhoff–von Neumann criterion for quantum systems to complex natural objects. TheC*hypothesis is being constructed to be consistent with algebraic category theory (Ehresmann and Vanbremeersch, 1987, 1997, Chandler, 1990, 1991, Chandler, Ehresmann and Vanbremeersch, 1996). Five aspects of closure will be used to construct a framework for categories of complex systems: 1. Truth functions in mathematics and the natural sciences 2. Systematic descriptions in the mks and O° notations 3. Organizational structures in hierarchical scientific languages 4. Transitive organizational pathways in the causal structures of complex behaviors 5. Composing additive, multiplicative and exponential operations in complex systems Truth functions can be formal or objective or subjective, depending on the complexity of the system and on our capability to represent the fine structure of the system symbolically, observationally or descriptively. “Complete” material representations of the fine structure of a system may allow truth functions to be created over sets of one to one correspondences. Less complete descriptions can support less stringent truth functions based on coherence or subjective judgments. The role of human values in creating and perpetuating truth functions can be placed in context of the degree of fine structure in the system's description. The organization of complex systems are hypothesized to be categorizable into degrees relative to one another, thereby creating an ordering relationship. This ordering relationship is denoted by the symbols: O°1, O°2,O°3... For example, for material systems, an ordering relation such as particles, atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, individuals and social groups might be assigned to classify observations for medical purposes. The C* hypothesis asserts that any complex system can be described in terms of four enumerable concepts: closure, conformation, concatenation and cyclicity. Mappings between objects are constructed within a notation for organization. Causality is organized within C* as pathways of relationships in time. The notation of organizational degrees is used to distinguish a directionality for causality: 1. bottom-up (energy flows) 2. top-down (control processes or dominating variables), 3. outside — inward (ecoment on organism) and 4. inside — outward (organism on ecoment). Closures are asserted to emerge from evolutionary cooperation. It is asserted that truth functions emerged from the necessity of an organism to identify ecoments where life can prosper. For example, basic truth functions of mathematics (operations of addition, multiplication and exponentiation) are made operationally consistent within the biochemical operations of sustaining exponential cellular growth. These fundamental mathematical functions can provide a logical basis (in conjunction with conservation rules) for a construction of complex material categories at higher degrees of organization. It is remarked that these simple functions suggests a biochemical origin for the intuitionistic philosophy of mathematics. The emergence and success of mathematics is conjectured to result from the need to acquire a consistent basis for communication among individuals seeking to cooperate socially. This suggests a cultural closure over a collection of individual closures. ©1999 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.58281

出版商:AIP    

年代:1999

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

This paper proves the hyprincursive nature of the &igr;-operator, i.e. of the logical operator ‘the &ellip; such that’, by representation of standard bivalent logic as a set inclusive network. ©1999 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.58242

出版商:AIP    

年代:1999

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

We have proposed a two-level architecture for brain computing, where two levels are introduced for processing of meta-symbol. At level 1 a conventional pattern recognition is performed, where neural computation is included, and its output gives the meta-symbol which is a symbol enlarged from a symbol to a kind of pattern. At Level 2 an algorithm acquisition is made by using a machine for abstract states. We are also developing the VLSI chips at each level for SBC (Structured Brain Computer) Ver.1.0. ©1999 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.58243

出版商:AIP    

年代:1999

数据来源: AIP