摘要:

An anticipatory system is a system which contains a model of itself and/or of its environment in view of computing its present state as a function of the prediction of the model. With the concepts of incursion and hyperincursion, anticipatory discrete systems can be modelled, simulated and controlled. By definition an incursion, an inclusive or implicit recursion, can be written as:x(t+1)=F[&ellip;,x(t−1),x(t),x(t+1),&ellip;]where the value of a variablex(t+1)at timet+1is a function of this variable at past, present and future times. This is an extension of recursion. Hyperincursion is an incursion with multiple solutions. For example, chaos in the Pearl-Verhulst map model:x(t+1)=a.x(t).[1−x(t)]is controlled by the following anticipatory incursive model:x(t+1)=a.x(t).[1−x(t+1)]which corresponds to the differential anticipatory equation:dx(t)/dt=a.x(t).[1−x(t+1)]−x(t).The main part of this paper deals with the discretisation of differential equation systems of linear and non-linear oscillators. The non-linear oscillator is based on the Lotka-Volterra equations model. The discretisation is made by incursion. The incursive discrete equation system gives the same stability condition than the original differential equations without numerical instabilities. The linearisation of the incursive discrete non-linear Lotka-Volterra equation system gives rise to the classical harmonic oscillator. The incursive discretisation of the linear oscillator is similar to define backward and forward discrete derivatives. A generalized complex derivative is then considered and applied to the harmonic oscillator. Non-locality seems to be a property of anticipatory systems. With some mathematical assumption, the Schro¨dinger quantum equation is derived for a particle in a uniform potential. Finally an hyperincursive system is given in the case of a neural stack memory. ©1998 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.56331

出版商:AIP    

年代:1998

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

My aim is to explore some aspects of anticipation from a philosophical point of view. I start from the way in which anticipation has been traditionally related to the relation between particular and universal, and situate from there the view of Robert Rosen, that is more adequately characterized in terms of local/global than in terms of particular/universal. A short comment on Rosen will lead me to suggest some possible lines of research with regard to a more dynamical approach of anticipatory systems. ©1998 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.56308

出版商:AIP    

年代:1998

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Much of what we call knowledge is based on the assumption that past experience can provide clues about future experience. The practice of living and learning consequently involves the anticipation of events and situations at almost every step. In my talk I shall present the constructivist approach to the epistemological prerequisites and some of the psychological mechanisms that seem necessary in order to explain such an otherwise mysterious capability of foresight. ©1998 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.56332

出版商:AIP    

年代:1998

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Ultimately, this essay is about time or, more correctly, about the times of time. Throughout the work three of them become object of minute analysis:physical time,social/cultural timesandindividual times. Each entails not only distinguished and sometimes mutually contradictory features but gives also rise to distinct—and sometimes rather unconventional—conceptions of anticipation. Two of these conceptions are open to scrutiny. One, calledrestrict conception, can be thought of as coincident with the concept of forecast and/or prediction traditionally followed by the classical paradigm of physical/quasi-physical sciences. The other, named thewiden conception, is prominently social and psychological and, to a great extent, its features are quite distinct from those the restrict conception is usually endowed with. For instance, it entails both several pasts and various futures, futures which, in turn, may retrospectively act upon such pasts, giving rise to different presents, etc. The host of manifold problems that these features beget are analysed in detail and a possible unifying model that connects private times with social/cultural times and these with physical time is proposed. ©1998 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.56333

出版商:AIP    

年代:1998

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Measurement internal to material bodies is ubiquitous. The internal observer has its own local space-time framework that enables the observer to distinguish, even to a slightest degree, those material bodies fallen into that framework. Internal measurement proceeding among the internal observers come to negotiate a construction of more encompassing local framework of space and time. The construction takes place through friction among the internal observers. Emergent phenomena are related to an occurrence of enlarging the local space-time framework through the frictional negotiation among the material participants serving as the internal observers. Unless such a negotiation is obtained, the internal observers would have to move around in the local space-time frameworks of their own that are mutually incommensurable. Enhancement of material organization as demonstrated in biological evolutionary processes manifests an inexhaustible negotiation for enlarging the local space-time framework available to the internal observers. In contrast, Newtonian space-time framework, that remains absolute and all encompassing, is an asymptote at which no further emergent phenomena could be expected. It is thus ironical to expect something to emerge within the framework of Newtonian absolute space and time. Instead of being a complex and organized configuration of interaction to appear within the global space-time framework, emergent phenomena are a consequence of negotiation among the local space-time frameworks available to internal measurement. Most indicative of the negotiation of local space-time frameworks is emergence of a conscious self grounding upon the reflexive nature of perceptions, that is, a self-consciousness in short, that certainly goes beyond the Kantian transcendental subject. Accordingly, a synthetic discourse on securing consciousness upon the ground of self-consciousness can be developed, though linguistic exposition of consciousness upon self-consciousness remains necessarily under-complete analytically. For instance, the self-as-the-author is generative but local in its perspective, while the accompanied self-as-the-reader that can comprehend what the former self has produced is global but merely contemplative in accepting a completed discourse and not pragmatic any more. The self-as-the-author is conscious of itself by letting the self-as-the-reader, who happens to be a derivative of the former self, be aware of what the self has produced. Self-consciousness precedes consciousness. Consciousness can be vindicated only by securing the occurrence of the self-as-the-author in the perspective from the inside of a linguistic institution. ©1998 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.56296

出版商:AIP    

年代:1998

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Starting from a real and concrete problem, that oftechnological transfer, which is also very complex, we are faced with the frequent dilemma of either favoring the characteristics that need to be addressed in order to obtain a deep solution of the problem or favoring the use (and bias) of standard formal representations in the definition ofwell posedproblems. This is the setting in which we draw an initial heuristic scheme for systems and open systems; from open systems we go on to self-organization; from self-organization to modeling relations; from modeling relations to anticipation and anticipatory systems. Through this sequence we explore and tackle some of the issues of system modeling and representation and end up assessing similarities between self-organization and anticipation in the light of open systems. ©1998 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.56297

出版商:AIP    

年代:1998

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The bottom-up approach of Behavior-Based Artificial Intelligence—which starts from sensori-motor abilities and strives to build conceptual structures—casts a new light on the incapacity of AI programs to handle the meaning of the symbols they manipulate. Our previous work was a computational study of the mechanisms which structure behaviors. In this paper we present an attempt to defeat the problem of meaning by introducing a first layer of intentionality into these mechanisms. But the notion of saliency which we have added cannot explain the structuration of meaning into layers of more and more formal objects. We analyze the reasons of this failure, then we come back to the phenomenological work of Husserl as the source of our hypothesis, and show that his standpoint is epistemologically complementary to ours. As a conclusion, we give some directions on the way to cover the distance between both standpoints. ©1998 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.56330

出版商:AIP    

年代:1998

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

This position paper has three parts. In the first part, a brief historical background and various modern formulations of the concept of emergence are presented. A number of problems associated with the concept are identified. One outstanding problem involves the incommensurability of secondary qualities (or phenomenalqualia) with materialist (externalist) ontologies. The intractability of this problem with respect to existing scientific approaches is an indicator of ontological category error, in this case, an attempt to subsume subjectivity into objectivity. In the second part, various attempts at solving the mind-body problem (of which the subjectivity-objectivity issue is a modern incarnation) are investigated and shown to be problematic. It is argued that these problems necessitate reconsidering the metaphysical foundations upon which the concept of emergence is grounded. In the third part, the notion of emergence is reconsidered and a new theory grounded in a synthesis of Heideggerian and Whiteheadian metaphysics is outlined. Finally, the implications of this synthesis for artificing (technology) are briefly considered. It is maintained that “strong” artificiality, the artifactual realization of natural phenomena such as life and mind, is impossible and that this result follows from the essence of artificing. Thus, ontology does not entail technology. ©1998 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.56298

出版商:AIP    

年代:1998

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

We seek to develop means of intervention in Enterprises that will enable them to react in an effective, sustainable and timely fashion to changes in the ways that markets and demand are organized; that is, to actstrategically. We take an enterprise to be some entity that seeks to provide its clients with services that they value while maintaining its ability to do so in the face of changes in the demands of its clients and in the resources at its disposal. The services that clients value form around what the organization of their demandslack. The concept ofstrategytherefore rests on critically evaluating the ontology and semantics of the Enterprise in relation to theseholesin demand organization. We access ontology and semantics by constructing and manipulating hypothetical, first-order, mathematical models of the Enterprise’s services and of its value-adding processes. Because an enterprise is ananticipatorysystem, its semantic domain must include representations of the enterprise’s model of itself and of the market and demand organizations within which it competes. First-order (set) theory provides adequate expressive power here, but alternative, higher order, mathematical frameworks, such as Dubois’hyperincursion, provide inadequate power, particularly in relation to the analysis of the properties ofemergence. Knowing exactly why and where this mathematicallackmanifests in the analysis process enables effective collaboration betweensystems analystsandpsychoanalysts, and suggest directions for mathematical research. ©1998 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.56334

出版商:AIP    

年代:1998

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The ability of systems to be anticipatory seems to be intricate connected with the ability to observe and to cognate by reducing complexity through signification. The semantic capacity of living systems, the cognitive ability to assign meaning to differences perturbating the system’s self-organization, seems to be the prerequisite for the phenomenon of communication, language and consciousness. In cybernetics Bateson developed the idea that information is a difference that makes a difference and second order cybernetics developed the concept of organisms as self-organized and self-produced systems (autopoietic) as the prerequisite of life and cognition. The cognitive ability seems to be qualitative different from what so far is computable on any known machine although parts of different aspects of the process can be partly simulated in AI, neutral network and AL. In semiotics the fundamental process of cognition and communication is called semiosis or signification and C. S. Peirce created a special triadic, objective idealistic, pragmatic and evolutionary philosophy to be able to give a fruitful description of the process and its relation to logic and the concept of natural law. Both second order cybernetics and semiotics sees information and meaning as somethingproducedby individual organisms throughstructural couplingsto the environments or other individuals through historical drift and further developed in social communication. Luhmann points out that social communication also only functions through structural couplings which he callsgeneralized mediasuch as science, art, power, love and money. Peirce talks ofthe semiotic netas a triadic view of meanings developing through history and in animals through evolution. In accordance with this Wittgenstein points out that signification is created inlanguage gamesdeveloped in specificlife forms. Life forms are the things we do in society such as seducing, commanding and explaining. As animals do not have language in the true sense I have extended his concept into ethology andbio-semioticsby talking ofsign gamesrelated to specificmotivationsandinnate response mechanisms. Life as such seems to be an anticipatory function generating expectations through evolution through open genetic programs as Konrad Lorenz pointed out. The phenomenon ofimprintingin ducks for instance is a standard example of programmed anticipation. Expectations are expectations of meaning and order (information) related to thesemiospherethe organism constructs as its individual world view and live in. (TheUmweltof von Uexku¨ll). On this basis events that perpetuates the semiosphere are reduced to meaning, i.e. something related to the survival and procreation of the individual living system, itconatus, to use one of Spinoza’s terms. The framework ofcybersemiotics, uniting second order cybernetics, semiotics and language game theory, is created to make transdisciplinary concepts and models that can handle the process of cognition, information and communication across the domains of the sciences, the arts and social sciences in a non-reductionistic way. It is seen as an alternative based on biological and semiotic thinking (biosemiotics) to the functionalistic information processing paradigm of cognitive science that is build on the computer as paradigm and based on classical logic and mechanistic physics—and therefore has severe problems of dealing with semantics and signification. ©1998 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.56299

出版商:AIP    

年代:1998

数据来源: AIP