摘要:

A tutorial presentation is made on topics related to the measurement of charged particle beam currents. The fundamental physics of electricity and magnetism pertinent to the problem is reviewed. The physics is presented with a stress on its interpretation from an electrical circuit theory point of view. The operation of devices including video pulse current transformers, direct current transformers, and gigahertz bandwidth wall current style transformers is described. Design examples are given for each of these types of devices. Sensitivity, frequency response, and physical environment are typical parameters which influence the design of these instruments in any particular application. Practical engineering considerations, potential pitfalls, and performance limitations are discussed. ©1995 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.48014

出版商:AIP    

年代:1995

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Integral Transform methods play an extremely important role in many branches of science and engineering. The ease with which many problems may be solved using these techniques is well known. In Electrical Engineering especially, Laplace and Fourier Transforms have been used for a long time as a way to change the solution of differential equations into trivial algebraic manipulations or to provide alternate representations of signals and data. These techniques, while seemingly overshadowed by today’s emphasis on digital analysis, still form an invaluable basis in the understanding of systems and circuits. A firm grasp of the practical aspects of these subjects provides valuable conceptual tools. This tutorial paper is a review of Laplace and Fourier Transforms from an applied perspective with an emphasis on engineering applications. The interrelationship of the time and frequency domains will be stressed, in an attempt to comfort those who, after living so much of their lives in the time domain, find thinking in the frequency domain disquieting. ©1995 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.48047

出版商:AIP    

年代:1995

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The formalism of Digital Signal Processing (DSP), is reviewed with the objective of providing a framework for understanding the utility of DSP techniques for Beam Instrumentation and developiong criteria for assessing the merits of DSP applications. ©1995 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.48022

出版商:AIP    

年代:1995

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The behavior of beam pickup and kickers subjected to the electromagnetic fields of relativistic charged particles is examined. The concept of image currents is explained. The frequency domain response of a simple stripline pickup is derived and the behavior of kickers is explained through Lorentz reciprocity. ©1995 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.48037

出版商:AIP    

年代:1995

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The complexity of instrumentation sometimes requires data analysis to be done before the result is presented to the control room. This tutorial reviews some of the theoretical assumptions underlying the more popular forms of data analysis and presents simple examples to illuminate the advantages and hazards of different techniques. ©1995 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.48038

出版商:AIP    

年代:1995

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

This paper will discuss the development of some selected beam probes for the TRIUMF 520 MeV H−cyclotron and some beamline monitors. The cyclotron has 7 movable probes that make use of vertical, differential and crossed wire heads, Isochronism is obtained by time of flight scans rather than by the use of phase probes. Recent developments include the use of a stripline monitor to measure the quadrupole moment of a beam, construction of a low current beam phase monitor, and the use of solid state diodes by the proton therapy group for dosimetry. A series of wire and blade scanners has been used to measure beam profiles at currents from 15 nA to 150 &mgr;A. ©1995 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.48063

出版商:AIP    

年代:1995

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

A review of basic radiation effects is presented. The fundamental definitions of radioactivity are given for alpha, beta, positron decay, gamma‐ray emission and electron capture. The interaction of neutrons with material is covered including: absorption through radiative capture, neutron‐proton interaction, alpha particle emission, neutron‐multi‐neutron reactions and fission. Basic equations defining inelastic and elastic scattering are presented with examples of neutron energy loss per collision for several elements. Photon interactions are considered for gamma‐rays and x‐rays. Photoelectric collisions, the Compton effect and pair production are reviewed. Electron‐proton interactions are discussed with emphasis placed on defect production. Basic displacement damage mechanisms for photon and particle interaction are presented. Several examples of radiation effects to plastics, electronics and ceramics are presented. Extended references are given for each example. ©1995 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.48064

出版商:AIP    

年代:1995

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

In the case of very low emittance electron and positron storage ring beams, it is impossible to make intrusive measurements of beam properties without increasing the emittance and possibly disrupting the beam. In cases where electron or positron beams have high average power densities (such as free electron laser linacs), intrusive probes such as wires and optical transition radiation screens or Cherenkov emitting screens can be easily damaged or destroyed. The optical and x‐ray emissions from the bends in the storage rings and often from linac bending magnets can be used to image the beam profile to obtain emittance information about the beam. The techniques, advantages and limitations of using both optical and x‐ray synchrotron emission to measure beam properties are discussed and the possibility of single bunch imaging is considered. The properties of suitable imagers and converters such as phosphors are described. Examples of previous, existing and planned applications are given where available, including a pinhole imaging system currently being designed for the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory. ©1995 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.48065

出版商:AIP    

年代:1995

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

A new method using a streak camera to monitor the particle density distribution in three dimensions in space was developed for the LEP (Large European Electrons Positrons collider). This paper provides a basic overview of the experiment. The synchrotron radiation emitted by the particles creates the image of the density distribution of particles in the bunches. The optical set‐up allows us to see the front view or the top and side view of the photon bunch simultaneously at successive turns. The practical limits of our set up are discussed and some examples of bunch oscillations in three dimensions are given. ©1995 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.48066

出版商:AIP    

年代:1995

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

In recent years, accelerated heavy charged‐particle (proton and light‐ion) beams have been clinically used at an increasing number of accelerator facilities worldwide. Several hospital‐based accelerator facilities dedicated to radiation therapy of cancer have been constructed, and their number is growing. Descriptions are presented of diverse instruments that have been developed in modifying extracted particle beams for clinical application, measuring the delivery of treatment beams, and controlling the treatment process to ensure patient safety. ©1995 American Institute of Physics.

ISSN:0094-243X    

DOI:10.1063/1.48067

出版商:AIP    

年代:1995

数据来源: AIP