摘要:

An effect size analysis of neurocognitive function in patients with major depressive disorder using meta-analytic principles was conducted. The results from 726 patients with depression and 795 healthy normal controls revealed that depression had the largest effect on measures of encoding and retrieval from episodic memory. Intermediate effect sizes were recorded on tests of psychomotor speed and tests that require sustained attention. Minimal effect sizes were found on tests of semantic memory, primary memory, and working memory. Moreover, major depressive disorder is accompanied by dysfunction of effortful encoding of information along with an accompanying inefficiency of retrieving poorly encoded information from declarative memory.

ISSN:0894-878X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The objective of this study was to study the relationship of poor functioning, cognition, and psychopathology in bipolar mood disorder. The authors assessed 36 patients with bipolar mood disorder (23 VA, 13 community) for the presence of psychopathology, cognitive deficits, and psychosocial impairment. The authors assessed psychopathology using screening and follow-up questions based on the schedule for affective disorder and schizophrenia, lifetime version (SADS-L), schedule for the assessment for negative symptoms (SANS), and schedule for the assessment of positive symptoms (SAPS), and psychosensory features using the “Profile of Psychomotor Symptoms.” They tested cognitive functioning in the following domains: 1) general intelligence and language, 2) verbal and visual memory, and 3) visuospatial functioning. They also assessed psychosocial functioning using a structured scale to assess maladjustment and an impairment rating scale. Patients with bipolar disorder showed significant impairment compared to age equivalent normals in several cognitive domains. Anhedonia was related to memory deficits. Memory deficits were also associated with poor psychosocial functioning. This study demonstrates that nondemented, asymptomatic patients with bipolar disorder exhibit substantial cognitive deficits that are associated with poor functioning, and anhedonia and avolition best predict this outcome.

ISSN:0894-878X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Meta-analytic principles were used to formulate a neurocognitive profile of fronto-temporal dementia (FTD). The neurocognitive test results from a total of 88 patients with FTD and 100 healthy controls were synthesized using effect size analyses. The results indicate that patients with FTD are most deficient on tests of cognitive flexibility and abstraction, followed by performance on measures of performance skill, memory acquisition, attention/concentration, delayed recall, and, finally, verbal skill. A rank-order profile of specific neurocognitive tasks and test variables in order of sensitivity to FTD is also provided to help interpret the quantitative results. On the basis of the profile, neurocognitive markers meeting heuristic benchmark criteria were identified that can aid in the differentiation of FTD from other disorders with prominent features of dementia.

ISSN:0894-878X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study presents baseline and 3-month follow-up motor and neuropsychological data for 22 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) who underwent anatomically guided unilateral posterior ventral pallidotomy (PVP). Postsurgical improvements were seen in psychomotor speed, fine motor accuracy, and dyskinesia, whereas grip strength decreased on the side contralateral to the surgery. No change was detected in overall level of cognitive functioning, nor were changes demonstrated in memory, language, or working memory when the entire sample of patients was evaluated. When the group was divided on the basis of side of surgery, patients with left-sided pallidotomies showed a decline in verbal fluency. Patients and caregivers reported improvement in psychosocial functioning. These initial findings of improved motor performance and largely unaffected cognitive functions are consistent with results obtained with functional PVP and provide support for the use of anatomically guided posterior ventral pallidotomy in the treatment of motor symptoms of PD.

ISSN:0894-878X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Persons with a history of exposure to organic solvents have been shown to have cognitive and personality changes, as well as abnormalities on measures of neurophysiology (e.g., delays in P300 latency). Studies assessing long-term sequelae in exposed persons have been limited, especially those using neurophysiologic measures. This study assessed cognitive event-related potentials (ERPs) in 16 persons with a history of organic solvent exposure at two testings, separated, on average, by 1.5 years. The sample was divided into persons who showed improvement on P300 latency (e.g., reduction in latency of 1.5 SD of control group) and those who did not. Sixty-three percent showed no improvement, whereas 37% showed significant improvement. Recency of exposure and the interaction of exposure duration and history of peak exposure significantly predicted group membership. That is, persons with shorter duration of exposure coupled with no peak exposures and longer time from exposure to test were more likely to fall in the improved group. Substituting age for duration of exposure in the interaction term improved classification of the two groups. The results support previous findings that most exposed persons do not show significant improvements over time. The results further suggest that there is a need to assess factors, such as aging, which may make one more vulnerable to the neurotoxic effects of solvents.

ISSN:0894-878X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Questions of a psychological nature were presented to two split-brain patients from the California series encouraging each hemisphere to respond simultaneously and independently. The responses of both patients indicated that their hemispheres were responding independently. For the first patient, his right hemisphere appeared to be more disturbed than his left by childhood memories of being bullied. The right hemisphere of the second patient seemed to regard himself more positively, but it also seemed to feel more negative emotions such as loneliness and sadness. We discuss the possible significance of the findings.

ISSN:0894-878X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A patient with schizoaffective disorder developed signs of catatonia while on a regimen of valproic acid, sertraline, and risperidone. The catatonic features evolved for the first time after a single dose of valproate and were alleviated by lorazepam. The same catatonic signs recurred after a second dose of valproate and again remitted after lorazepam. Catatonia did not recur subsequent to discontinuing valproate, and the patient had tolerated the combination of valproate and risperidone in the past without developing catatonia. Although the catatonia in this case initially appears to be paradoxical, the phenomenon is actually consistent with current models of catatonia. A unique drug interaction may account for this phenomenon. Possible pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic explanations are discussed, including the relation of catatonia to increased activity of the medial globus pallidus and current models of catatonia.

ISSN:0894-878X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Akathisia, “inability to remain seated.” is a common condition in patients medicated with neuroleptics, and also occurs in other medication regimens. Only a few cases of akathisia resulting from focal lesions have been published. These cases suggest that differing lesion sites are sufficient for producing objective or subjective akathisia. The authors present a patient with akathisia who had no subjective complaints, suggesting that a combined basal ganglia and frontal lobe lesion may lead to objective akathisia (pseudoakathisia).

ISSN:0894-878X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0894-878X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0894-878X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID